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• Stairs


  A set of steps leading from one floor of a building to another, typically inside the building.
• Types of Stairs

  • Straight Stairs
  • L Shaped Stairs
  • U Shaped Stairs
  • Winder Stairs
  • Spiral Stairs
  • Curved Stairs
  • Cantilever Stairs
  • Split Staircase (Bifurcated)
  • Ladders
• Straight Stairs


  • Straight stairs are stairs without any changes in direction. They are certainly one of the most common types of stairs found in both residential and commercial properties.
• Shaped Stairs

  • L-shaped stairs are a variation of the straight stair with a bend in some portion of the stair.
• U Shaped Stairs


  • U-shaped stairs are essentially two parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that creates a 180-degree turn in the walk line.
• Winder Stairs

  • Winder stairs are a variation of an L-shaped stair but instead of a flat landing, they have pie-shaped or triangular steps at the corner transition.
• Spiral Stairs

  • Spiral stairs follow a helical arc and usually have a very compact design with the treads radiating around a central pole.
• Curved Stairs

  • Curved stairs follow a helical arc but have a much larger radius and typically do not make a full circle.
• Cantilever Stairs


  • Cantilever stairs are made to have the stair treads appear to be floating in the air without support, with the stair stringer attached to one end of the treads.
• Split Staircase (Bifurcated)


  • Split staircases, also known as bifurcated stairs, typically have a wide set of stairs starting at the bottom that ends at a landing partway up the flight, then splits into two narrower sets of stairs leading in opposite directions.
  • Advantages: Split stairs allow one staircase to function as two, leading to different sections of the building, they add an impressive architectural design statement.
  • Disadvantages: Split stairs require a significant amount of space, they are more expensive than most other stair types.
• Ladder


  • Ladders, like stairs, can serve as a means of access, but building codes do not allow ladders to serve as a primary means of access.
  • Advantages: Ladders are the most compact way to get from one floor to another, they are very cost-effective, they may have wheels or fold up for mobility.
  • Disadvantages: Ladders are the most difficult to navigate, especially while descending, they cannot be used as a primary staircase.
• Building codes do not allow ladders to serve as a primary means of access
• Roof Truss
• Roof Truss

  It consist of angles, channels, plates and eye bars. It is a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge or other structure.
• You will find them supporting the roofs of auditoriums, cinema halls, stadiums, railways, stations, airports and others.
• Truss


  A triangular design. A joint framed structure that sustained the inclined, vertical or horizontal loads.
• Roof Truss is considered the most important key component in engineering system in a building.
• Different Types of Roof Trusses

  • King Post Truss
  • Queen Post Truss
  • Howe Truss
  • Pratt Truss
  • Fan Truss
  • North Light Roof Truss
  • Quadrangular Roof Trusses
  • Parallel Chord Roof Truss
  • Raised Heel Roof Truss
  • Scissor Roof Truss
• King Post Truss


  Central vertical post used in architectural, working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex.
• Queen Post Truss

  This truss usually spans up to 8 meters, which makes it perfect for multiple types of houses, especially the smaller ones.
• Howe Truss


  A very reliable, simple and versatile type of roof truss where you can use at any given time.
• Pratt Truss


  The prat truss is the most popular steel truss since it is very economical. It includes vertical and diagonal members that slope down towards the center (opposite of Howe Truss). Pratt truss can cover lengths ranging between 6-10 meters.
• Fan Truss


  A simple design made out of steel. Most projects with larger span of around 10-15 meters uses this kind of truss.
• North Light Roof Truss


  Have a wide set of lattice girders that include support trusses. North light truss is the oldest, and most economical kind of truss. These are found in industrial buildings, drawing rooms and large spaces, with a span of 20-30 meters.
• Quadrangular Roof Trusses


  Type of truss having parallel chords and an arrangement of web members of tension diagonals and compression verticals. It is mostly encountered in auditoriums or railway sheds.
• Parallel Chord Roof Truss


  Constructed with two chords running parallel to each other and supported by reinforcing trusses in between the top and bottom chords. This roof truss reduces the condensation problems and mold conditions since they create a vapor barrier.
• Raised Heel Roof Truss


  Provides a cost-effective way to meet more stringent energy efficiency codes and improve the energy efficiency of your building envelope. Raising the truss higher greatly simplifies attic ventilation and it leaves ample room for insulation above exterior wall top plates.
• Scissor Roof Truss

  The bottom chord members cross each other, connecting to the angled top chords at a point intermediate on the top chords' length, creating an appearance similar to an opened pair of scissor. A scissor truss provides for a vaulted ceiling in the same time frame as standard trusses. Cathedral is one of the best example of this kind of truss.
• The Basic Components of a Roof Truss

  • Apex
  • Bearing
  • Bottom Chords (BC)
  • Cantilever
  • Cantilever Strut
  • Chord
  • Clear Span
  • Heel
  • Joint
  • Nail Plate
  • Node (node point)
  • Nominal Span
  • Overhang
  • Panel
  • Plumb Cut
  • Splice Point
  • Square Cut
  • Stub End
  • Top Chord or Rafter
  • Web
• Apex


  Highest point where the sloping top chords meet.
• Bearing


  Structural support of trusses (usually walls) normally with a timber wall plate.
• Bottom Chords (BC)


  The lowest longitudinal member of a truss.
• Cantilever


  Part of structural member that extends beyond its support.
• Cantilever Strut

  Web that joins the bottom chord above the bearing point to the top chord of a cantilevered truss.
• Chord


  Main members that form the outline of the truss and subject to relatively large axial forces and bending moments.
• Clear Span


  Horizontal distance between interior edges of supports.
• Heel


  Point on a truss which top and bottom chord intersect.
• Joint


  Point of intersection of one or more web(s) with a chord.
• Nail Plate

  Galvanized steel plate punched to form a nail pattern integral with the plate and used to connect timber members.
• Node (node point)

  Point of intersection of two or more members that make up the panels of a truss.