lit

• Literature


  Written works which deal with themes of permanent and universal interest characterized by creativeness and grace of expression distinguished from works of scientific, technical, or journalistic nature
• Literature


  An expression of the emotions, thoughts, beliefs, aspirations, dreams, and goals of humanity in general and of man in particular
• Literature


  Means "to appreciate life" and "to make us see beauty," According to Thomas Moore
• Characteristics of literature


  • Universal - Expresses what is eternal, absolute, and unchanging
  • Timeless/Enduring Expression - Tales that were told and verses sung or chanted to rapt audiences who kept these in their hearts and passed them on to keep unbroken that which bound taming of man together
  • Significant/Human Experience - The what, the heart of literature
  • Experience/Work in the Realm of Human Experience - The author says something about the real world as he sees it, and the world of emotions as he felt it and the gift to transform or recreate this perception into a work of art
  • Humanity - Man and his nature is given to uncertain moods is unpredictable yet capable of soaring to great triumphs of the spirit over the most degrading conditions of poverty, oppression, cruelty, and chaos
• Types of literature


  • Poetry
  • Prose
• Poetry


  It refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza, and has a more melodious tone
• Types of narrative poetry

  • Epic - An extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control, may deal with Gods and heroes
  • Metrical Tale - A narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as ballad or a metrical romance
  • Ballad - Short simple narrative poem composed to be sung and is orally told from one generation to another
  • Metrical Romance - A long rambling love story in verse which is centered around the adventures of knights and lords and their royal ladies during the age of chivalry
• Types of lyric poetry

  • Folk Songs - Short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope, and sorrow
  • Sonnet - Lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea
  • Elegy - Expresses feelings of grief and melancholy and whose theme is death
  • Ode - A poem of noble feeling expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza
  • Psalms - A song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life
  • Awit - Have measures of 12 syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria
  • Corrido - Have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat
• Dramatic Poetry


  Drama came from the word "dran" which means "to do." It has three elements namely the actors and actresses, the audience and the stage
• Types of dramatic poetry

  • Comedy - It came from the Greek term "komos" meaning festivity or revelry. It has a happy ending
  • Tragedy - Involves a hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without the success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy
  • Farce - An exaggerated comedy; a light dramatic composition marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot
  • Melodrama - Used in musical plays with the opera; arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad
• Prose


  A literary piece which is written in the form of ordinary written or spoken language and within the common flow of conversation
• Types of prose fiction

  • Novel - A long narrative divided into chapters. It has variety of character, a more complex plot, more elaborate use of setting
  • Short Story - A brief, artistic form of prose fiction which is centered on a single main incident
  • Plays - Presented on stage and are divided into many acts with many scenes
  • Legends - Fictitious/pure narratives which tell of the origin of a place, person or object
  • Myths - Sacred narratives which explain how the world and men came to be in the present form
  • Folktales - Explain ancient people's origins, cultures, their beliefs and traditions
  • Anecdotes - Merely products of the writer's imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the readers
  • Fables - Fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things which speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children
  • Parable - A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle
• Types of non-fiction


  • Essay - Prose composition of moderate length, usually expository in nature, which aims to explain an idea, a theory, an impression or a point of view
  • Biography - Deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography, or that of others
  • News - A report of everyday events in society, government, science, and industry and accidents, happening nationally or not
  • Oration - A formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public
  • Journal - A record of experiences, ideas, or reflections kept regularly for private use
  • Letter - A direct or personal written or printed message addressed to a person or organization
  • Sermon - A religious discourse delivered in public usually by a clergyman as a part of a worship service
• The incidents in the story "A Friend Indeed" actually happened and can be verified in the Old Testament and history books
• The Kingdom of Israel, where the incidents in "A Friend Indeed" took place, became known as the state of Israel when it gained its independence in 1948
• The first king of Israel was Saul. During his reign (about 1030-1010 B.C) the kingdom was attacked by neighboring peoples, including the Philistines, who were believed to have come from Egypt
• The incidents in "A Friend Indeed" include: young David's victory over Goliath, the Philistine giant, and his friendship with Jonathan, King Saul's son
• There was great rejoicing among the Israelites when David slew Goliath, the Philistine giant
• David and Jonathan, the king's oldest son, became bosom friends and pledged to be loyal to each other as long as they lived
• King Saul, impressed by David's courage and wisdom, made him captain on his army
• The women of all cities of Israel came singing and dancing in honor of the victors, saying "Saul has slain his thousands, and David his ten thousands", which angered King Saul and made him determined to kill David
• While David was playing the harp in the palace, King Saul threw a javelin at him, barely missing him
• Jonathan comforted David, saying "You will not die, for my father does not do anything unless he tells me"
• David said to Jonathan "The king knows that you love me, so he will not tell you his plan to kill me. And there it is—only a step lies between death and me"
• The jackal and the partridge were great friends, but the jackal was jealous and wanted the partridge to do more for him
• The partridge tricked the jackal into hiding in a hollow tree, where he was attacked by a hunter's dogs and nearly died
• The partridge then tricked the jackal again by telling a crocodile that the jackal had left his life at home, so the crocodile would not eat him
• In the end, the jackal realized the partridge was too cunning to be a good friend, so he left and never went near her again
• Idiomatic expressions


  • Golden age - A prosperous period
  • Sleep on it - Think about something before deciding
  • Bring home the bacon - Win the prize
  • Like the back of my hand - To know something very well
  • Beating around the bush - Approaching a subject in a roundabout way
  • Make a clean breast - Confess the truth
  • Bring to mind - Recall
  • Heart to heart talk - Frank and free talk
  • Mother tongue - Native language
  • Touched every person in a row - Deeply inspired everyone
  • Pull yourself together - Calm down
  • Call it a night - Going to bed
  • Get out of hand - Get out of control
  • Rubbed me the wrong way - Irritate me
  • Under the weather - Feel sick
• Culinary Virtue


  Skills in cooking
• Voraciousness


  Desire to eat excessive food
• Rheumy eyes


  Red and watery eyes due to old age
• Glistening baldness


  Shiny bald
• Congenia personality


  Pleasant and friendly
• Whimpering


  Crying in fear
• Whirlwind courtship


  Quickly get together
• Chafed under


  Irritated by
• Golden age


  A prosperous period
• Sleep on it


  Think about something before deciding
• Bring home the bacon


  Win the prize