circulatory

• Circulatory system


  Concerns the distribution of substances after being absorbed or secreted in the body
• Substances distributed by the circulatory system

  • Gaseous materials
  • Hormones
  • Digested products
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Metabolic wastes
  • Other substances which every cell needs for its metabolism
• Vertebrate circulatory system


  • Heart
  • Closed system of vessels (arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, capillaries)
  • Blood and lymph
  • Carrier media
• Pulmonary circulation


  1. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary arteries

  2. Oxygenation and excretion of CO2 occur in the lung capillaries

  3. Oxygenated blood flows through pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• Systemic circulation


  1. Oxygenated blood from left ventricle pumped into aorta

  2. Gaseous exchange occurs between tissues and capillaries

  3. Venous system returns CO2-laden blood to right side of heart
• Heart

  • Located in thoracic cavity
  • Surrounded by pericardium
  • Consists of left and right ventricles, left and right atria, coronary artery
• Veins entering right atrium

  • Superior vena cava (returns blood from head and shoulder)
  • Inferior vena cava (returns blood from organs below diaphragm)
  • Pulmonary artery (carries blood from right ventricle to lungs)
• Aorta


  • Arches to the left just anterior to the heart
  • Pulmonary veins empty into left atrium
• Right ventricle


  • Pulmonary semilunar valve at exit of pulmonary artery
  • Tricuspid valve separates right ventricle from right atrium
  • Chordae tendinae hold valves to papillary muscle
• Right atrium


  • Thinner muscle layer than ventricle
  • Openings from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
• Septa


  • Interatrial septum separates left and right atria
  • Interventricular septum separates left and right ventricles
• Major arteries


  • Pulmonary artery
  • Aorta (ascending aorta, aortic arch)
  • Brachiocephalic artery
  • Subclavian artery
  • Common carotid arteries
• Branches of subclavian artery


  • Internal mammary
  • Vertebral
  • Costocervical axis
  • Thyrocervical axis
• Branches of axillary artery

  • Ventral thoracic
  • Long thoracic
  • Subscapular
• Branches of abdominal aorta

  • Intercostal arteries
  • Coeliac artery (hepatic, left gastric, splenic)
  • Superior mesenteric artery (middle colic, posterior pancreaticoduodenal, ileocolic)
  • Adrenolumbar arteries
  • Renal arteries
  • Genital arteries (spermatic, ovarian)
  • Inferior mesenteric artery
  • Iliolumbar arteries
  • External iliac arteries
  • Internal iliac arteries
  • Caudal (medial sacral) artery
  • Femoral artery
• Major veins


  • Superior vena cava
  • Azygous vein
  • Brachiocephalic veins
  • Internal jugular veins
  • External jugular veins
  • Transverse jugular vein
  • Subclavian vein (axillary, brachial)
  • Subscapular vein
  • Hepatic veins
  • Adrenolumbar veins
  • Renal veins
  • Spermatic/ovarian veins
  • Hepatic portal vein
• Axillary vein


  Known in the underarm region
• Brachial vein


  In the arm
• Subscapular vein


  Another prominent vein that empties into the venous channel at the same point as the subclavian and external jugular vein, from the shoulders
• Hepatic veins


  A pair of veins from the liver received by the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm
• Adrenolumbar veins


  Drain blood from the adrenal glands and back muscles
• Renal veins


  Drain blood from the kidneys
• Spermatic (testicular) or ovarian veins

  Drain blood from the testicles and ovaries
• Hepatic portal vein


  Large, venous drainage channel from the abdominal viscera which receives tributaries from the abdominal organs, with three small veins entering it
• Coronary vein


  Comes from the stomach and lies in the cure between the pylorus and the stomach, found at the lesser curvature by the union of many branches from both sides of the stomach
• Anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein


  Collects from the pancreas and duodenum
• Right gastroepiploic vein


  Comes from the pyloric region, greater curvature of the stomach and the adjacent greater omentum
• Gastrosplenic vein


  Large tributary beyond the entrance of the preceding veins, passes to the left in the substance of the pancreas
• Middle gastroepiploic veins


  Empty into the gastrosplenic vein from the stomach and omentum
• Pancreatic vein


  Empties into the gastrosplenic vein from the artery
• Inferior mesenteric vein


  Drains blood from the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum
• Common iliac veins


  Paired veins that the inferior vena cava is formed by the confluence of
• Caudal vein or medial sacral


  Located at the point of juncture between the two common iliac veins, drains from the tail end and somewhat more posteriorly
• Internal iliac vein


  Medial tributary of common iliac vein
• External iliac vein


  Lateral tributary of common iliac vein
• Femoral vein


  External iliac vein in the leg, dorsal to the femoral artery
• Cardiovascular system


  The circulatory system with a heart and closed system of blood vessels, especially in humans, composed of kardia (heart) and vasculum (little vessel)
• The cardiovascular system is a series of tubes (the blood vessels) filled with fluid (blood) and connected to a pump (heart)
• Pressure generated in the heart propels blood through the system continuously
• Disorders in the cardiovascular system can be determined based on comparing them with normal indicators such as heart sounds, pulse rates, and arterial blood pressure