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MICROBIOLOGY
GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY
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Ylleana Ortega
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Cards (25)
Morphology
Spherical (
coccus
)
Rod (
bacillus
)
Comma (
vibrio
)
Corkskrew (
spirochete
)
Spiral (
spirila
)
Spectrum of Activity
- arsenal/list of microbes that can be targeted by medicines
Sites of Action
Cell wall (
cidal
)
Cell membrane (
cidal
)
Nucleic acid: DNA & RNA (
cidal
);
Folate
precrusor
(static)
Ribosomes (
static
)
Source of Antibiotics
Cell membrane inhibitors
Daptomycin
(
Streptomyces
roseosporus
)
Bacitracin
(
Bacillus
subtilis
)
Antitubercular agents
Rifampicin
(
Streptomyces
mediterranei
)
Cycloserine
(
Streptomyces
orchidaceous
)
Bactericidal Agents
DNA synthesis inhibitor:
Fluoroquinolones
(
FLOXACIN
)
RNA synthesis
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Ineffective
Cell
wall-less
microbes
Acid
fast
bacteria
Intracellular
parasites
Resistant
microorganisms
Adverse reactions
Allergy/
anaphylactic
(DOC:
Erythromycin
)
Natural Penicillins
Penicillin G/
Benzylpenicillin
Intramuscular -> acid-labile
DOC for
leptospirosis
,
meningococcus
, &
syphilis
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
Class I (beta-lactamase only)
Clavam
(Clavulanic acid)
Penam (
Sulbactam
+
Tazobactam
)
Ampicillin +
Sulbactam
=
UNASYN
Piperacillin +
Tazobactam
=
PIPTAZ
/
TAZOCIN
Cephalosporins
1st Gen (
ceph-
&
cefa-
) [except
cefamandole
&
cefaclor
]
2nd Gen (
cef-
&
-lor-
)
3rd Gen (
cef-
+
-em
/
-ine
/
-one
) [except
cefapime
&
cefuroxime
]
4th Gen (
cef-
+
-pi-
+
-me
)
5th Gen (
-rol-
)
Carbapenems
- wildest spectrum among the beta-lactams
Doripenem
- wildest spectrum carbapenem
Vancomycin
MOA: binds to
D-alanyl-D-alanine
portion
→ blockade of transpeptidation
USES: DOC (drug of choice) for MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) & MRSE (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis)
2nd
line
treatment
for
pseudomembranous
colitis
A/E:
red
man
syndrome
- Tx: Diphenhydramine + Discontinue (temporarily)
Tetracyclines (
Broadest-Spectrum
antibiotic)
USES: DOC for relapsing fever, lymphogranuloma venereum, psittacosis,
rickettsia
infection
DOXYCYCLINE
; prophylaxis of
leptospirosis
; DOC for
Lyme
disease
MINOCYCLINE
; most potent
Aminoglycosides
STREPTOMYCIN = DOC for
zoonotic
infections
Brucellosis
/ undulant fever
Bubonic plague
Tularemia
/ rabbit fever
Aminoglycosides (A/E)
VESTIBULOTOXICITY
Streptomycin & Gentamicin
OTOTOXICITY
Neomycin, Amikacin, & Kanamycin
NEPHROTOXICITY
Neomycin, Tobramycin, & Gentamicin
CHLORAMPHENICOL
USES: former DOC for typhoid fever (current DOC:
ceftriaxone
)
LINCOSAMIDES
MOA: resemble macrolides in receptor site, mode of action, and spectrum of activity
A/E: overuse of clindamycin → overgrowth of
clostridium
difficile
bacteria →
pseudomembranous
colitis
OXAZOLIDINONES
A/E: reversible
thrombocytopenia
MACROLIDES
ERYTHROMYCIN: DOC for
diphtheria
&
pertussis
A/E: AZITHROMYCIN –
ARRHYTHMIAS
FLUOROQUINOLONES
CIPROFLOXACIN
: 1st line agent for anthrax
CIPROFLOXACIN
&
LEVOFLOXACIN
: UTI
ANTIMETABOLITE COMBINATIONS
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
+
TRIMETHOPRIM
(COTRIMOXAZOLE) DOC for
Pneumocystis
carinii
pneumonia
in
AIDS
patients
RIFAMPICIN
MOA: inhibits RNA polymerase → inhibits RNA synthesis
DAPSONE
USE: TX of leprosy (with
rifampicin
)
NITROIMIDAZOLE (
METRONIDAZOLE
,
TINIDAZOLE
)
MOA: inhibits
protein
synthesis
, and causes
DNA
strand breakage
METRONIDAZOLE
TRICHOMONAS
VAGINALIS
(TRICHOMONIASIS)
ANAEROBES:
BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
(intestinal abscess) &
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
(pseudomembranous colitis)
URINARY ANTISEPTICS
FOSFOMYCIN
METHENAMINE
: acidify the urine and liberate formaldehyde
NALIDIXIC
ACID
NITROFURANTOIN