Clonorchiasis

• Asymptomatic clonorchiasis has how may flukes present?

  less than 100 flukes
• Asymptomatic clonorchiasis can cause what?

  diarrhea and abdominal pain
• Moderate parasite load in clonorchiasis has how many flukes?

  100-1000 flukes
• Moderate parasite load: fever, diarrhea, loss of appetite, rash, edema, night blindness, swollen abdomen, and enlargement of the liver
• High worm burden: 25,000 flukes
• What is the symptom of high worm burden?

  acute pain in the right upper quandrant
• Chronic infection of clonorchiasis causes what?

  liver dysfunction and calculi
• Cholangiocarcinoma: Tumor of the bile ducts
• What is the most significant sequelae of clonorchiasis?

  Clonorchiasis association with cholangiocarcinoma
• by how many percentage?

  15%
• Clonorchiasis association with cholangiocarcinoma causes HYPERPLASIA and adenomatous changes of the BILIARY EPITHELIUM.
• Liver fluke infection results in endogenous formation of what in the area around the bile ducts?

  N-nitroso compounds
• N-nitroso compounds may lead to what?

  Neoplastic transformation