biology

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  Consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal chord; forms the communication network between the CNS and the body parts
• Central Nervous System (CNS)


  Referred to as "central" because it combines information from the entire body and coordinates activity across the whole organism
• Parts of the Central Nervous System

  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
• Forebrain


  Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
• Functions of the Circulatory System

  • Circulate blood throughout the entire body
  • Transport of oxygen to the cells
  • Transport carbon dioxide away from the cell
  • Movement of immune system component
  • Transport of endocrine gland secretions
• Thalamus


  Processes information and relays it to the cerebrum
• Hypothalamus


  Homeostatic control of most organs
• Open Circulatory System


  The blood flows freely through cavities since there are no vessels to conduct the blood
• Cerebrum


  Controls the quality of the mind: personality, intelligence, learning, perception and emotion
• Closed Circulatory System


  The blood flows through the arteries and veins connected by the capillaries
• Left Hemisphere of Cerebrum

  • Analytic thought
  • Logic
  • Language
  • Reasoning
  • Science and Math
  • Written
  • Number skills
  • Right hand control
• Right Hemisphere of Cerebrum

  • Art awareness
  • Creativity
  • Imagination
  • Intuition
  • Insight
  • Holistic thoughts
  • Music awareness
  • 3D forms
  • Left-hand control
• Simple Organisms


  • Organisms which have two-layer covering
  • Get their supply of gases and excrete waste through DIFFUSION
• Brainstem


  Includes the medulla oblongata and pons
• Nutrition


  Nutrients help living organisms develop their bodies, grow, heal damaged body parts and give energy for life and activity
• Pulmonary Circulation


  Blood flows between the heart and the lungs to become oxygenated
• Medulla Oblongata


  Regulates breathing, blood pressure and heart rate
• Modes of Nutrition


  • Autotrophic Nutrition
  • Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Systemic Circulation


  Blood is distributed to the tissues and other systems of the body
• Pons


  Connects the brain and the spinal chord
• Reproduction


  The biological process by which offspring are produced from their parent or parents
• Autotrophic Nutrition


  Can produce their own food
• Cerebellum

  Controls posture and balance
• Heterotrophic Nutrition

  Cannot produce their own food
• Types of reproduction

  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Spinal Chord

  Tracts of nerve fibers that allow two-way conduction of nerve impulses
• Digestion

  The mechanical and chemical processes by which complex food substances are broken down into simpler substances
• Heart

  A muscle that is about the size of a fist (in humans); pumps blood throughout the body
• Asexual reproduction


  • Does not involve gametes, instead parts of mature organism may develop to new individuals
  • Offspring is genetically identical to the parent
• Afferent vs. Efferent


  Afferent nerves carry signals to the CNS, efferent nerves carry signals from the CNS
• Binary fission


  1. Separation of the body into two new bodies

  2. Common in single-celled organisms
• Parts of the Digestive System

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gall bladder
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Anus
• Chambers of the Heart


  • Right Atrium
  • Left Atrium
  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Ventricle
• Peripheral Nervous System

  A network of nerves spread across the body
• Mouth

  Produces saliva where mechanical mastication of food takes place to form bolus
• Budding

  1. A new organism develops from as an outgrowth from the parent body known as bud

  2. Once grown, the new organisms detaches from the parent body
• Esophagus

  A muscular tube that conducts peristalsis and serves a passage way for food
• Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

  • 12 cranial nerves
  • 31 spinal nerves
• Valves of the Heart


  • Pulmonary Valve - Opens when the atria contracts
  • Aortic Valve - Opens when the ventricles contract
  • Tricuspid Valve - Opens when the atria contracts, Opens when the ventricles contract
  • Mitral Valve
• Asexual reproduction

  • Hydra
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae