Untit

• Physiology


  The study and understanding of how the healthy (normal) human body works
• Importance of human physiology

  • Understanding of normal body function, enabling more effective treatment of abnormal or disease states
• Anatomy


  The internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships
• Physiology


  The study of the functions of the body's structures
• Two processes that explain body functions

  1. Teleological (the why)

  2. Mechanistic (the how)
• Example of teleological and mechanistic processes

  • Shivering increases a low body temperature (teleological)
  • When body temperature decreases below normal, a reflex pathway causes involuntary oscillating skeletal muscle contractions which produce heat (mechanistic)
• Levels of Organization


  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • System level
  • Organism level

  
• Cell


  • Smallest functional and living unit of the body
• Basic Cell Functions


  • Absorption
  • Digestion
  • Respiration
  • Biosynthesis
  • Excretion
  • Egestion
  • Secretion
  • Movement
  • Irritability
  • Homeostasis
  • Reproduction
• Four primary types of tissues

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
• Epithelial tissue


  • Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment
  • Organized into epithelial sheets and secretory glands
• Connective tissue


  • Cells dispersed in a matrix
  • Connects, supports, anchors tissue
• Three types of muscle tissue

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
• Nervous tissue


  • Consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses
  • Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Organ


  Consist of two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a particular function or functions
• Human body systems


  • Integumentary System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Urinary System
  • Reproductive System
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
• Allostasis


  How the body responds and adapts to outside stimuli in order to achieve homeostasis

  
• Fluid compartments


  • Extracellular fluid (ECF)
  • Intracellular fluid (ICF)

  
• Factors homeostatically regulated


  • Concentration of nutrient molecules
  • Concentration of O2 and CO2
  • Concentration of waste products
  • pH
  • Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes
  • Volume and pressure
  • Temperature
• Homeostatic control systems


  • Intrinsic controls
  • Extrinsic controls
• Feedforward


  Anticipatory control mechanisms that permit the body to predict a change and initiate a response to reduce the movement of a regulated variable out of its normal range
• Feedback


  Responses made after a change has been detected
• Types of feedback systems

  • Negative Feedback
  • Positive Feedback
• Negative feedback system


  • Primary type of homeostatic control
  • Responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point
  • Components: Sensor, Control center, Effector
• Positive feedback system


  • Amplifies an initial change
  • Moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium
• Contributions of body systems to homeostasis


  • Circulatory system
  • Digestive system
  • Respiratory system
  • Urinary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Integumentary system
  • Immune system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Reproductive system

  
• Physiology is the study and understand of how the healthy (normal) human body works
• Why is human physiology important?

  To understanding of normal body function, enabling more effective treatment of abnormal or disease states
• Anatomy


  Refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships
• Physiology


  Refers to the study of the functions of those structures
• Teleological


  Explains how a function fills a need (The why)
• Mechanistic


  Explained in terms of cause and effect of physiological process (The how)
• Example: shivering


  • Teleological - shivering increase a low body temperature
  • Mechanistic - when body temperature decrease below normal (37>), a reflex pathway causes involuntary oscillating skeletal muscle contractions which produce heat
• Levels of Organization


  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • System level
  • Organism level
• Cell


  Smallest functional and living unit of the body
• Basic Cell Functions


  • Absorption
  • Digestion
  • Respiration
  • Biosynthesis
  • Excretion
  • Egestion
  • Secretion
  • Movement
  • Irritability
  • Homeostasis
  • Reproduction
• Four primary types of tissues

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
• Epithelial tissue


  Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment
• Connective tissue


  Cells dispersed in a matrix, connects, supports, anchors tissue