Modalities and RadTherapy

• Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell first discovered the properties of magnetic resonance


  1946
• Bloch and Purcell shared a Nobel Prize in Physics


  1952
• Raymond Damadian showed that the relaxation time of water in a tumor differed from the relaxation time of water in normal tissue


  1971
• Paul Lauterbur produced the first NMR image. It was of a test tube.


  1973
• Damadian obtained the first animal images

  1975
• Damadian produced the MR image of the whole body. Peter Mansfield improves mathematics behind MRI

  1977
• The first human head scans were obtained

  1978
• a medical specialty that focuses on the use of radioactive materials, for diagnosis, therapy and medical research

  Nuclear Medicine
• specialist with extensive education in the basic and clinical science of medicine and licensed to use radioactive materials

  Nuclear medicine physician
• who performs the tests and educated in the theory and practice of nuclear medicine procedures.

  Nuclear medicine technologist
• experience in the technology of nuclear medicine and the care of the equipment

  Physicist
• converts photons emitted by the radionuclide in the patient into a light pulse and subsequently into a voltage signal.

  Gamma Camera
• Sound is a form of energy which causes a mechanical disturbance in the form of mechanical wave that travels in a medium in a longitudinal and straight-line fashion.
• sound requires a medium containing molecules, and therefore cannot travel through a vacuum.
• The production of sound requires a vibrating object.
• Ultrasound Range: Diagnostic

  1-10 MHz
• Ultrasound Range: Therapeutic

  0.7-1.0 MHz
• Ultrasound Range: Surgery

  1-5 MHz
• Ultrasound Range: Industrial

  25-400 kHz
• Ultrasound Range: Military

  20-50 kHz
• Application: Earthquakes

  Infrasound
• The phase of the wave when the molecules are pushed together is called compression, and when apart, rarefaction
• Regions of LOW pressure and density

  Rarefactions
• Regions of HIGH pressure and density

  Compressions
• the first contact compound B-scanner (using olive oil as a lubricant) was developed. This equipment used an articulating arm to produce static images.


  Late 1950s
• gray scale imaging was introduced, enabling the display of a wide range of echo amplitudes

  1970s
• Real-time scanning systems were introduced. Dynamic sonographic information was available for the first time.

  Mid 1970s
• Doppler technique

  1980s
• Mammography is the most important innovation in breast cancer control since the radical mastectomy was introduced by Halstead in 1898.
• In 1913, Soloman, a German physician, reported the radiographic appearance of breast cancers.
• The first published radiograph of a living person's breast, made by Kleinschmidt, appeared in a 1927 German medical textbook on malignant tumors.
• By the mid- 1950s, Egan in the United States and Gros in Germany popularized the use of mammography for diagnosing and evaluating breast cancer.
• Women between ages of 40 and 49 years should have a mammogram every year or every other year
• All patients with clinical evidence of significant or potentially significant breast disease should undergo a diagnostic mammogram and subsequent workup as necessary
• a procedure performed on an asymptomatic patient or a patient who presents without any known breast problems.

  Screening Mammography
• Interventional radiology procedures began in the 1930s with angiography.
• In the early 1960s, Mason Jones pioneered transbrachial selective coronary angiography. Also during the 1960s, transfemoral angiography.
• Melvin Judkins introduced coronary angiography, and Charles Dotter introduced visceral angiography
• In 1953 Sven Ivar Seldinger described a method of arterial access in which a catheter was used
• In angiography the common femoral artery is most often used for arterial access.