India

• Causes of development in India

  • India’s globally spread population generates income in remittances
  • Rapid increase in the tertiary sector from 27% in 1947 to 52% now
  • Fastest growing telecom markets in the world
  • During the 1990’s changes in India’s trading policies led to rapid rise in imports and exports
• Social effects of development in India

  • Increased population density in cities
  • Widening development gap between urban and rural areas
  • Continuing low status of women
  • Greater investment in schools and education (literacy rate has risen)
  • Better access to healthcare
  • High levels of pollution in cities
  • Lack of housing means people live in slums
• Economic effects of development in India

  • Development has been uneven between the core and the periphery
  • Over 1 million new ICT jobs created.
  • Increase in tourism
  • Growing consumer market
• Environmental effects of development in India

  • Increase in secondary industry has led to rising air pollution and CO2 emissions
  • Deforestation
  • Increase in water pollution due to chemicals used in industry
• Responses to development in India: The Smart Cities Mission

  • Set by the government to improve equality and the quality of life by covering over 100 cites. It's elements included
  • adequate water supply
  • assured electricity supply
  • improved sanitation
  • affordable housing,
  • health and education
  • efficient public transport
• Role of Coca-Cola in India

  • Advantages:
  • (+) Invested $2billion until 2011
  • (+) Created indirect employment for 150,000 people
  • (+) Re-built 18 schools as part of an aid programme
  • (+) They have a women empowerment programme
  • Disadvantage
  • (-) Increased pressure on ground water due to high water requirements
  • (-) Left land poisoned with sludge
  • (-) Draining water that feeds into wells – farmers lose their job
• India's population

  • Fertility rates dropped from 4.5 to 2.4 between 1985 and 2015
  • Population of 780 million in 1985 and rapidly grew to 1.3 billion 2015
  • Life expectancy increased from 56 to 68
  • Majority of the population is young - 27% under the age of 14 and the average age is 30
• Public investment in India

  • After 1991 many large TNCs from USA and Europe outsourced manufacturing and IT to India
  • India government started a small business start up program to make it easier for business to setup
• International trade in India

  • India is a member of the World Trade Organisation
  • India main exports are diamonds and chemical products and its main imports and crude oil
  • India lowered tariffs in 1991
  • India is one of the highest receives of international receiving many loans from IGOs
• social changes in India

  • Inequality
  • Over the last 30 years the Gini coefficient went up from 31.9 to 35.1
  • 40% of employed people are paid less than $3.10 a day
  • Social changes
  • Growing middle class - people have more disposable income
  • Education has improved - in 2009 education was made free and compulsory (96% of children are now in school)
• Geopolitical relations

  • India has positive relations with it's neighbours due to the ASEAN made up of southeast Asian countries
  • India imports defence equipment and is focusing in the development of AI which has created 3 million jobs, India has the 3rd largest military budget
  • India has strong military ties with Russia and the USA. The better relation with the USA has increased trade
  • Pakistan and China have had dispute with India over borders
• Historical factors in India

  • In 1947 India declared independence from the British Empire. This lead to the Partition of India where India was split into Hundi and Muslim (Pakistan) which caused 3 wars and massive migration
  • India stripped of a lot of it's natural resources it was under the British Empire