UCSP

• Kinship


  Social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society
• Types of Kinship


  • Kinship by Blood
  • Kinship by Marriage
  • Kinship by Rituals
• Kinship by Blood (Consanguineal)

  • Relationship achieved by birth or blood affinity
  • Descent refers to biological relationship
  • Lineage refers to line where one's descent is traced
  • Patrilineal form of descent traced to father line
  • Matrilineal form of descent mother line
  • Bilateral form of descent both ancestral lines
• Kinship by Marriage (Affinal)

  • Endogamy - compulsory marriage
  • Exogamy - out-marriage
  • Monogamy - one male/female partner
  • Polygamy - more than one partner
  • Polygyny - man has multiple female partners
  • Polyandry - woman has multiple male partners
  • Patrilocal - couple stays with husband's relatives
  • Matrilocal - couple stays with wife's relatives
  • Biolocal - couple stays with both sets of relatives
  • Arranged marriage - arranged by parents
  • Referred marriage - matchmakers help their single friends or relatives to find their possible husband or wife
• Post-Marital Residence Rules


  • Neolocal - new household formed
  • Patrilocal - wife moves to husband's household
  • Matrilocal - husband moves to wife's household
  • Matrifocal - woman and her children without coresident husbands
  • Avunculocal - men relocate to mother's brother's household
  • Ambilocal - couple decides to join either spouse's household
  • Natalocal - each partner remains with their own family
• Kinship by Rituals (Compadrazgo)

  Ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or family
• Family


  Basic unit of social organization, made up of individuals linked by marriage, blood, or adoption
• Types of Families


  • Nuclear family
  • Extended family
  • Blended family
• Types of Households

  • Nuclear household
  • Extended household
  • Reconstituted household
  • Matrifocal household
  • Transnational family
• Political Systems

  • Band -formed by several families living together based on marriage ties
  • Tribe -considered an acephalous political system
  • Chiefdom -formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select family
  • simple chiefdom - characterized by a central village or community ruled by a single family
  • complex chiefdom - – composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single paramount center
  • nation -groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity.
• Legitimacy

  Moral and ethical concept that bestows the right to exercise power
• Authority

  Power to make binding decisions and issue commands
• Types of Authority

  • Traditional authority
  • Charismatic authority
  • Rational-legal or bureaucratic authority
• Traditional Authority

  • Legitimacy derived from customs, habits, and social structures
  • Power passed down, often through heredity
  • Does not facilitate social change
  • Perpetuates the status quo
• Charismatic Authority

  • Legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual
  • Seen as a 'gift of grace' or possession of 'gravitas'
  • Authority derived from a higher power
• Rational-Legal or Bureaucratic Authority

  • Legitimacy drawn from formal rules promulgated by the state
  • Power resides in legally enacted rules and regulations
  • Authority invested in the position rather than individuals
• Kinship

  Relationship or affinity
• Kinship by Blood

  • Unilineal
  • Matrilineal
  • Patrilineal
  • Bilateral
• Unilineal

  Descent through either the maternal or paternal line only
• Matrilineal

  Descent through the female line
• Patrilineal

  Descent through the male line
• Bilateral

  Descent through both the mother and father
• Lineal

  Having a direct family relationship or affinity
• Monogamy

  Being married to one (1) spouse
• Polygamy

  The practice of having more than one (1) spouse
• Types of Household

  • One-person
  • Multi-person
• One-person household

  An arrangement in which one (1) person makes provision for his/her own food or other essentials for living without combining with any other person
• Multi-person household

  A group of two (2) or more persons living together who make common provision for food or other essentials for living
• Family

  • Members of the household who are related, to a specified degree, through blood, adoption or marriage
  • Consists of at least two (2) members
  • Members of a family must be related
  • Cannot comprise more than one (1) household
• Household

  • May consist of only one (1) person
  • Members of a multi-person household need not be related to each other
  • Can contain more than one (1) family; or one (1) or more families together with one (1) or more non-related persons; or it can consist entirely of non-related persons
• Types of Political Organization

  • Bands
  • Tribes
  • Chiefdoms
• Bands

  Most often found in foraging societies, and associated with low population densities, distribution systems based on reciprocity, and egalitarian social relations
• Tribes

  Found among horticulturists and pastoralists societies, has larger and more sedentary populations, lack centralized political leadership, and egalitarian in nature
• Chiefdoms

  Involve a more formal and permanent political structure, political authority rests with individuals, and rely on feasting and tribute