bio book

• Movement


  An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
• Respiration


  The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
• Sensitivity


  The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses
• Nutrition


  Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and usually need water
• Excretion


  Removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism
• Growth


  Permanent increase in size and dry mass by an organism, increase in cell number or cell size or both
• Reproduction


  The processes that make more of the same kind of organism
• Three Domains used to divide organisms

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
• Kingdoms


  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Bacteria
  • Animals
  • Protists
• kingdoms: domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• An evolutionary tree shows the evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Animal Kingdom


  • Multi
  • No cell wall, feed on organic substances made by other living organisms
• Plant Kingdom


  • Multicellular
  • Cell wall present
  • Autotrophic, can make their own food by photosynthesis, have roots, stems and leaves
• Protoctist Kingdom


  • May or may not be multicellular
  • Some are autotrophic and do photosynthesis, others are heterotrophic and feed on organic substances
• Prokaryote Kingdom


  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus
  • No mitochondria
  • Cell wall present
• Fungi Kingdom


  • Multicellular
  • Cell wall present
  • Do not have chlorophyll
• Viruses are unicellular
• Ferns


  • Leaves are called fronds
  • Reproduce by means of spores produced on the underside of the fronds
• Flowering plants


  • Leaves can be tiny or very large
  • Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
• Differences between Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

  • Number of cotyledons (seed leaves): 1 for monocots, 2 for dicots
  • Leaf shape: strap-shaped for monocots, broad leaves for dicots
  • Leaf veins: parallel veins for monocots, network of branching veins for dicots
  • Number of groups of petals: 3 for monocots, 4 or 5 for dicots
• Nucleus helps the cell control what goes in and out of it
• Cytoplasm is where different metabolic reactions take place
• Cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell
• Mitochondria are the places where cellular respiration occurs to provide energy for the cell
• Ribosomes are where proteins are made
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum is where proteins are transported
• Cell wall helps protect and support the plant cell
• Chloroplasts absorb energy from sunlight and use it for photosynthesis to make food for the plant
• Vacuoles help keep the plant cell in shape and store cell sap
• Specialized cells


  Cells with unique structures and functions in the body
• Differentiation


  The process in which a basic (stem) cell changes into a cell which has a specific role
• Undifferentiated


  A basic (stem) cell which hasn't changed into any other cell
• Specialized


  The process in which a differentiated cell gains a specific role i.e. heart cell, muscle cell, nerve cell
• Specialized cell types

  • Palisade cell
  • Ciliated cell
  • Root hair cell
  • Goblet cell
  • Red blood cell
  • Nerve cell (neurone)
  • Sperm cell
  • Egg cell
• Palisade cell


  • Found on the surface of leaves
  • Photosynthesis
• Ciliated cell


  • Sweep mucus and dirt back up our throat
• Root hair cell


  • Absorb water and minerals
• Goblet cell


  • Large vacuole
  • Projection to transport mucus
• Red blood cell


  • No nucleus
  • Biconcave disc
  • Transport haemoglobin around the body
• Nerve cell (neurone)


  • Myelin sheath
  • Dendrites
  • Long axon
  • Transmit information as electrical impulses