paper 1

• chromatography

  1. draw a line near the bottom of a sheet of filter paper (use pencil - insoluble)
  2. add a spot of ink to the line and place the paper in a beaker of solvent
  3. make sure the ink isn't touching the solvent
  4. put a lid on the container to prevent solvent evaporating
  5. each dye will move at a different rate so the dyes will separate
  6. when the solvent has nearly reached the top of the paper, take it out to dry
  7. the end result is called a chromatogram
• filtration

  1. place a funnel in a beaker
  2. fold up a piece of filtration paper into a cone shape and place it in the funnel
  3. pour your product into the funnel
  4. the filter paper will collect all of the insoluble solids and allow the liquid to pass through into the beaker
• evaporation

  1. pour solution into evaporating dish
  2. slowly heat the solution
  3. solvent will evaporate and solution will get more concentrated
  4. keep heating until you have just dry crystals remaining
• crystallisation

  1. pour solvent into evaporating dish and gently heat
  2. once some of the solvent has evaporated/when you see crystals start to form remove the dish from the heat and leave to cool
  3. crystals begin to form
  4. filter out the crystals and leave them in a warm place to dry
• separating rock salt

  1. grind the mixture
  2. put mixture in water and stir, dissolving the salt
  3. filter the mixture to separate the sand and salt water
  4. evaporate the water from the salt to form dry crytals
• titration

  1. fill burette with sulphuric acid
  2. record initial reading of acid
  3. add phenolphthalein to conical flask
  4. add acid near end point, colour starts to change
  5. close burette when solution turns from pink to colourless
  6. record final reading in burette, then calculate titre. this is the volume used to neutralise the alkali
  7. repeat until you have concordant results
• making soluble salts using an insoluble base

  1. gently warm the dilute acid with a Bunsen burner
  2. add the insoluble base to the acid until the base is in excess
  3. filter the excess solid to get the salt solution
  4. using a water bath, you can then produce salt crystals
• gas tests

  • chlorine: add damp, blue litmus paper - bleaches white
  • hydrogen: add a lit splint - makes squeaky pop noise
  • oxygen: add a glowing splint - relights
• measuring energy transferred

  1. put 25cm^3 of 0.25mol/dm^3 of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide in separate beakers
  2. place the beakers in a water bath set to 25 degrees until they are both at the same temperature
  3. add the HCl and NaOH to a polystyrene cup
  4. take the temperature of the mixture every 30 seconds and record the highest temperature
  5. repeat with different concentrations of acid