breathing and exchange

• Respiration

  A chemical reaction where glucose is broken down to produce ATP
• ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

  3 phosphate molecules, Adenosine base
• ATP

  Releases energy, becomes ADP
• Anaerobic respiration


  A chemical reaction where glucose is broken down to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, small amount of ATP as glucose is not completely broken down
• Anaerobic respiration in yeast

  • C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
• Anaerobic respiration in muscle

  • C6H12O6 -> 2CH3CHOHCOOH
• During vigorous exercise


  Muscle respires anaerobically as oxygen delivered doesn't meet demand
• Aerobic respiration


  1. A chemical reaction where glucose is broken down to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen, large amount of ATP as glucose is completely broken down

  2. Produces CO2 and H2O

  3. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Indicator solution and pea seeds will not respire so we can compare the results
• High concentration of CO2 in the inverted flask and the cotton wool allow it to be absorbed
• Bleach acts as a disinfectant that kills any bacteria present on the surface of the pea so it won't respire
• Less aerobic respiration takes place

  More anaerobic respiration takes place, less ATP produced, accumulation of lactic acid results in muscle fatigue
• After exercise

  You breathe heavily at a higher rate and depth in order to pay back the oxygen debt by using oxygen to break down lactic acid in the liver
• Trachea

  • C-shaped cartilaginous rings to support and prevent collapsing
  • Goblet cells that secrete sticky mucus to trap dust and bacteria
  • Ciliated epithelial cells that move mucus away from lungs
• Exercise

  Increases rate and depth of breathing to supply more oxygen to muscles
• Alveoli

  • Thin walls to provide shorter diffusion distance
  • Large number to increase surface area for diffusion
  • Layer of moisture to help dissolve gases
  • Surrounded by capillaries to increase surface area for diffusion
• Smoking causes carbon monoxide to bind irreversibly, narrows blood vessels, increases blood pressure, damages arteries, and results in lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
• The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities. It contracts when we breath in (inhale) and relaxes when we breath out (exhale).
• Intercostal muscles are located between ribs and contract when we breath in (inhale)
• Lung cancer Mutation in DNA Results in an uncontrolled division this result in an unspecialized cells

  Chronic bronchitis Increase Mucus secretion Damages cilliated cell

  Mucus accumulates and results in lung infection

  Emphysema Phagocytes enter the lung and breaks down elastic fibers Alveoli burst so lee area avilable for gas exchange