nature vs nurture

• nature 


  behaviour is caused by genetic factors
• nurture 


  behaviour is a product of past experiences and upbringing
• nativists

  people who adopt an extreme hereditary position that believe individual differences are due to each persons unique genetic code
• nurturists

  people who believe that at birth the human mind is a blank slate that is gradually filled as a result of experiences
• example of the nature debate

  the biological approach
• example of the nurture debate

  the behaviourist approach
• child development - nature

  Chomsky said humans are born with innate biological capacity to learn language known as language acquisition
• child development - nurture

  skinner used operant conditioning where behaviours are learned through rewards or punishment
• personality development - nature

  Bouchard studied twins where they tend to have more similar personalities then a fraternal twins indicating a genetic component to personality
• personality development - nurture

  Caspi suggested whilst some personality traits show continuity from childhood, they also change and develop significantly rather than becoming fixed in early life
• mental illness development - nature

  Keller said the concept of mental illness development is generally understood to arise from the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors
• mental illness development - nurture

  Sullivan believed mental illness stems from interpersonal failures, where a persons inability to adapt to social demands leads to dysfunction
• intelligence - nature

  Plomin and Spinath highlights the increasing heritability of intelligence with age and the shared genetic influences across different cognitive abilities
• intelligence- nurture

  Flynn showed average IQ scores have increased over generations, suggesting environmental improvements knows as the Flynn effect can lead to substantial gains in cognitive ability
• the interactionist approach

  the idea that both nature and nurture play a role in the development of mental disorders
• Piaget - child development stages

  children progress through biologically based, universal cognitive stages that indicate an inherent genetically programmed unfolding of cognitive abilities
• Gottesman and Shields - twin schizophrenia

  carried out a meta analysis of European twin studies where there was a 48% concordance rate of schizophrenia in MZ twins and a 17% concordance rate in DZ twins
• Maguire et al. - taxi drivers

  taxi drivers had more grey matter on the posterior hippocampi then non taxi drivers, a correlational analysis showed a positive volume of posterior hippocampi grey matter and length of time spent as a taxi driver
• Tienari - finnish adoptive family study

  child rearing style characterised by high levels of criticism and low levels of empathy was implicated in the development of schizophrenia in children with high genetic risk
• Watson - little albert

  little albert was classically conditioned to have a fear of rats which he then associated to any animal with fur
• Bandura - Bobo doll

  the children copy the behaviour they see their parents do as it’s part of their upbringing to imitate them