FNP LAB

• Body Mechanics

  Efficient, coordinated, and safe use of the body to move objects and carry out the activities of daily living
• Base of Support (BOS)


  The area beneath an object or person that includes every point of contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface
• Center of Gravity


  The area around which the mass of the object is concentrated
• Line of Gravity

  An imaginary vertical line from the center of gravity to the ground or surface the object or person is on
• Principles of Body Mechanics

  • Keep weight balance above base of support
  • Widen the base of support as necessary
  • Lower the center of gravity toward base of support as necessary
  • Tighten abdominal, gluteal, arm and leg muscles in preparation for all gravities
  • Face the direction or the task and turn body into one place
  • Bend with the hips and knees and keep the back straight when lifting
  • Move objects on level surfaces when possible
  • Slide (rather than lift) objects on a smooth surface when possible
  • Hold objects close to body and stand close to objects to be moved
  • Use body weight to assist in lifting or moving when possible
  • Use smooth motions and reasonable speed when carrying out task
  • When moving a client, use a pulling motion whenever possible
  • When turning is unavoidable, use a pivoting turn
  • Raise the working surface to your waist level when possible
• Rules for Proper Body Mechanics

  • Maintain broad base of support, 12 inches
  • Bend your knees
  • Keep back straight
  • Use largest muscles to do work-lift smoothly
  • Keep load close
  • Push or pull instead of lifting
  • Face work-void twisting while turning
  • Don't overreach
  • Get help if too heavy
• Infection


  Disease caused by an organism
• Local Infection

  Located at a specific part of the body
• Systemic Infection

  Affects multiple or all of the body system
• Prevention


  To keep something from happening
• Control


  It maintains influence or authority over; limit the level of intensity; regulate
• Disease


  Any deviation from a condition of good health and well-being
• Infectious Disease


  A disease condition caused by the presence of growth infections, microorganisms or parasites
• Infection Process


  1. Infectious Agent

  2. Source (reservoir)

  3. Exit

  4. Mode of Transmission

  5. Portal of Entry

  6. Susceptible Host
• Acute Infection


  An infection characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and often with severe symptoms
• Chronic Infection


  An infection characterized by delayed onset and slow progression
• Primary Infection


  An infection that develops in an otherwise healthy individual
• Secondary Infection


  An infection that develops in an individual who is already infected with a different pathogen
• Healthcare Acquired Infection (HAI)


  Patients can acquire during the course of receiving healthcare treatment for other conditions
• Medical Asepsis (Hand Washing)

  Washing hands with soap and water
• Hand Hygiene


  The single most effective method of preventing the spread of infection. It must be performed thoroughly, properly, and consistently
• Types of Sink


  • Knee-operated sink/faucet
  • Foot-operated sink/faucet
• Purposes of Handwashing

  • To reduce the number of microorganisms in the hand
  • To reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms to clients
  • To reduce the risk of cross contamination
• 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene

  • Before touching a patient
  • Before a procedure
  • After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk
  • After touching a patient
  • After touching a patient's surroundings
• Donning and Removing of Sterile Gloves

  Gloves help prevent the transmission of pathogens by direct and indirect contact. Nurses apply sterile gloves before performing sterile procedures
• Range of Motion (ROM)

  The maximum amount of movement available at a joint in one of the three planes of the body, sagittal, frontal or transverse
• Observing Range of Motion (ROM)


  • One of the first assessment techniques used to determine the degree of limitation or injury to a joint
• Assessing ROM


  • To clarify the extent of joint stiffness, swelling, pain, limited movement, and unequal movement
• Limited ROM


  Indicates inflammation such as arthritis, fluid in the joint, altered nerve supply, or contractures
• Increased Mobility (beyond normal)

  Indicates connective tissue disorders, ligament tears, and possible joint fractures
• Types of ROM

  • Active ROM
  • Passive ROM
  • Active Assisted ROM
• Types of Movements

  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Hyperextension
  • Lateral Flexion
  • Opposition
  • Plantar Flexion
  • Rotation
• Therapeutic Positioning

  Correct positioning is crucial for maintaining body alignment and comfort, preventing injury to the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems, and providing sensory, motor and cognitive stimulation
• Purposes of Therapeutic Positioning


  • To maintain body alignment
  • To maintain skin integrity (facilitates pressure distribution, prevents friction and shear on tissue)
  • It prevents injury and deformities of the musculoskeletal system
  • It promotes comfort
  • It promotes optimal lung expansion
  • It positions clients for a variety of clinical procedures
• Types of Therapeutic Positioning

  • Supine Position
  • Fowler's Position
  • Orthopneic Position
  • Lateral (Side Lying) Position
  • Sim's (Semi-prone) Position
  • Prone Position
  • Knee-Chest (Genupectoral) Position
  • Dorsal Recumbent Position
  • Lithotomy Position
  • Trendelenburg Position
  • Reverse Trendelenburg Position
  • Jackknife (Kraske) Position
• Evaluation of Therapeutic Positioning

  • Safe and proper body alignment and movement were achieved for both client and caregiver
  • The client is comfortable in the new position as evidenced by verbal and nonverbal cues
  • The client's skin and underlying organs and tissues were protected from pressure, friction, and shear
• Unoccupied Bed Making


  An unoccupied bed can be either closed or open, generally the top covers of an open bed are folded back to make it easier for a client to get in
• Occupied Bed Making

  Made when the patient is not able or not permitted to get out of bed, usually done after giving a bed bath
• Proper Positioning

  • Vital for providing comfort for patients who are bedridden or have decreased mobility related to a medical condition or treatment
• Assisting a Patient to Sit at the Side of the Bed Dangling

  The client assumes a sitting position on the edge of the bed before walking, moving to chair or wheelchair, eating or performing other activities