Cardiovascular Emergencies

• Circulatory System


  Provides perfusion to all capillary beds of the body
• Circulatory System

  • Comprised of 3 independent (but interrelated) components: 1. Heart 2. Blood vessels 3. Blood volume
• Hypoperfusion

  Aka shock: inadequate circulation
• Early symptoms of hypoperfusion

  • Restlessness, anxiety/mental dullness
  • Pale, cyanotic, cool skin
  • Rapid weak pulse
  • Rapid shallow breathing
  • Nausea & vomiting
• Late symptoms of hypoperfusion

  BP falls
• Reasons for hypoperfusion

  • Cardiogenic Shock: pump failure
  • Distributive Shock: vascular changes
  • Hypovolemic Shock: blood volume
• Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

  Diagnosis applied when arteries become diseased/damaged by plaque
• 2 common vascular conditions that affect the heart

  • Atherosclerosis
  • Arteriosclerosis
• ACS emergencies

  • Angina pectoris
  • Unstable angina
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
• Angina pectoris

  When the oxygen need exceeds supply, causing crushing/squeezing pain, doesn't usually cause death/permanent damage
• Unstable angina

  Occurs in response to factors stimuli than normal, stable angina relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
• Treat angina patients like AMI patients
• Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

  Pain signals actual death of cells in heart muscle (ischemia), requires immediate transfer
• Signs/symptoms of AMI

  • Weakness, nausea, sweating
  • Chest pain that doesn't change
  • Pain in lower jaw, arm, back, abdomen, neck
  • Irregular heartbeat, syncope (fainting)
  • Shortness of breath
• Which is chamber 1?

  Right atrium

  
• Which is chamber 2?

  Left atrium

  
• What is chamber 3?

  Right ventricle

  
• What is chamber 4?

  Left ventricle

  
• Are 1 and 2 atriums or ventricles?

  Atriums

  
• Are 3 and 4 atriums or ventricles?

  Ventricles

  
• Which heart chamber is the most important chamber?

  Left atrium
• Receives blood from veins and pumps to right ventricle

  Right atrium
• Receives blood from lungs and pumps to left ventricle

  Left atrium
• Pumps blood to lungs

  Right ventricle
• Pumps blood through aorta to the body

  left atrium
• Cardiogenic shock


  Pump failure
• Distributive shock


  Vascular changes
• Hypovolemic shock


  Blood volume change