Kingdom and Biological classification system

• Binomial system


  Allows scientists to accurately identify individual species
• Scientific names always have two words
• More accurate methods to classify organisms


  • Studying amino acids in proteins
  • Studying sequences of bases in DNA
• Morphology


  Outward appearance of an organism
• Anatomy


  Internal structure of an organism
• Dichotomous key


  A way of identifying an organism, by working through pairs of statements that lead you to its name
• Kingdoms


  • Animal kingdom
  • Plant kingdom
• Groups within kingdoms


  • Species
  • Genus
  • Family
  • Order
  • Class
  • Phylum
  • Kingdom
• Characteristic features of animals


  • Cells have a nucleus, but no cell walls or chloroplasts
  • They feed on organic substances made by other living organisms
• Characteristic features of plants


  • Cells have a nucleus and cell walls made of cellulose, often contain chloroplasts
  • They feed by photosynthesis
  • They may have roots, stems and leaves
• Five kingdoms


  • Animals
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Protists
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria)
• Characteristic features of plants


  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthesis
  • Cell wall
  • Large vacuole
• Characteristic features of animals


  • Multicellular
  • Nutrition
• Fungi


  • Colourful and easy to spot
  • Made up of microscopic threads called "hyphae"
  • Cell wall not made of cellulose
  • Decomposers
• Uses of fungi


  • Eat them as mushrooms
  • Use single-celled fungus (yeast) to make alcohol and bread
  • Obtain antibiotics such as penicillin
• Characteristic of fungi


  • Usually multicellular but some unicellular
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Have nuclei and cell walls, not made of cellulose
  • Don't have chlorophyll
  • Feed by digesting waste
  • Contain ribosomes
• Characteristic of prokaryotes


  • Usually unicellular
  • No nucleus, no mitochondria
  • Cell walls not made of cellulose
  • Circular loop of DNA free in cytoplasm
  • Often have plasmids
• Characteristic of amphibians


  • Smooth and moist skin with no scales
  • Eggs no shell and laid in water
  • Tadpoles live in water, adults live on land
  • Tadpoles have gills for gas exchange, adults have lungs
• Characteristic of reptiles


  • Dry scaly skin
  • Lay eggs with soft shell
• Characteristic of mammals


  • Hair or fur on skin
  • Young develop in uterus, attached to mother by placenta
  • Females have mammary glands that produce milk
  • Have teeth, pinnae (ear flap), sweat glands, diaphragm
• Characteristic of arthropods


  • Jointed legs
  • Segmented body
  • Exoskeleton
• Four types of arthropods


  • Insects
  • Crustaceans
  • Arachnids
  • Myriapods
• Features of insects


  • 6 jointed legs
  • Two pairs of wings (one or both may be vestigial)
  • 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen)
  • One pair of antennae
  • Breathe through tubes called tracheae
• Features of crustaceans


  • More than 4 pairs of jointed legs
  • Two pairs of antennae
• Features of arachnids


  • 4 pairs of jointed legs
  • No wings, no antennae
  • 2 body parts (cephalothorax and abdomen)
• Features of myriapods

  • Many segments and jointed legs
  • One pair of antennae
• Ferns


  • Grow from rhizome (thick underground stem)
  • Have roots, no flowers
• Dicotyledons


  • Two cotyledons
  • Broad leaves
  • Network of veins
  • Ring of vascular bundles
  • Flower parts in multiples of four or five
• Monocotyledons


  • Single cotyledon
  • Long narrow leaves
  • Parallel veins
  • Vascular bundles scattered
  • Flower parts in multiples of three
• Viruses


  • Not made of cells
  • No cell membrane or cytoplasm
  • Have protein coat with genetic material
• Viruses cannot move, feed, excrete, show sensitivity, grow or reproduce by their own</b>
• Viruses do not display the seven characteristics of living things
• Differences between viruses and bacteria