TOA 2 - Quiz 3

• Philip Johnson


  American architect and critic known for his promotion of the International Style and, later, for his role in defining postmodernist architecture
• John Ruskin and William Morris


  English art critic and designer who pioneered the Arts and Crafts Movement
• Bauhaus


  School of design, architecture and applied arts that existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933, which included the teaching of various crafts and sought to end the schism between art and technically expert craftsmanship
• Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe


  German-born American architect whose rectilinear forms, crafted in elegant simplicity, epitomized the International Style of architecture, believing that "less is more"
• Futurism


  Avant-garde art movement that emerged in the early-20th century in Italy, motivated by anti-historicism and characterized by long horizontal lines and streamlined forms suggesting speed, dynamism, movement, and urgency
• Adolf Loos


  European architect who became more famous for his ideas and writings than for his buildings, believing that reason should determine the way we build and opposing the decorative Art Nouveau movement
• Louis Sullivan


  Known for the famous line and design principle, "Form follows function"
• Cubism


  Avant-Garde Art movement that was distinct in being two-dimensional, with architects borrowing heavily from cubist art regarding geometric forms and shapes, diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent, or penetrate one another
• The World Columbian Exposition


  First world fair held in Chicago in 1893, with the site gaining the nickname the "White City" due to the appearance of its massive white buildings designed by Daniel Burnham as part of the "City Beautiful" movement
• Crystal Palace


  Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, a remarkable construction of prefabricated parts consisting of an intricate network of slender iron rods sustaining walls of clear glass
• Functionalism


  The intended uses of new buildings have certainly influenced their architecture long before the emergence of first architects or theories
• Louis Sullivan


  Best known as a major player in the Chicago School and the birth of the modern skyscraper, architect of the 1891 Wainwright Building
• Daniel Burnham


  American architect and urban planner whose impact on the American city was substantial, instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and noted for his successful management of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893
• Peter Behrens 


  Architect noted for his influential role in the development of modern architecture in Germany and as a pioneer in the field of industrial design
• Postmodernism


  Movement that emerged in the 1960s, described in books by Robert Venturi, which has seen a variety of buildings built in the previous century and given rise to the ideals that are still followed, with Deconstructivism and Critical Regionalism as some derived movements
• William Le Baron Jenney


  Highly successful architect and the first professor of Architecture (1876-77) at the University of Michigan, best known for designing the 10-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the first high-rise in America to use a metal frame rather than stone and brick
• Neoclassicism

  19th century characterized by a series of revival movements, in which styles of the past re-emerged as symbols of modern power, with many Europeans and Americans dedicating themselves to the styles of ancient Rome and Greece
• Otto Wagner


  Austrian architect and urban planner, a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture and the broader Art Nouveau movement, with his early works inspired by classical architecture
• Arts and Crafts Movement


  Originated in England in the mid-19th century as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of the industrial revolution, looking back to a time before craftspeople were replaced by machines, encompassing many art forms
• Elisha Otis


  American industrialist and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails
• Industrial Revolution


  Began around 1760 in England, leading to enormous changes at each level of civilization throughout the world, with the growth of heavy industrial material bringing more new building materials which are cast iron, steel, and glass
• Hendrik Petrus Berlage


  One of the most significant European architects before World War I, often considered the father of modern architecture in the Netherlands, greatly influencing a generation of architects
• Frank Lloyd Wright


  America's most famous architect, celebrated for developing a new type of American home, the Prairie house, which paved the way for the iconic Ranch Style
• Sir Joseph Paxton


  English landscape gardener and designer of hothouses, who was the architect of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London
• Chicago School


  Architectural style that developed in the late 19th century after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, marking a revolutionary turning point in the history of skyscraper construction
• International Style


  Architectural style that developed in Europe and the US in the 1920s and '30s, becoming the dominant tendency in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century, characterized by rectilinear forms, light, taut plane surfaces stripped of ornamentation, open interior spaces, and a visually weightless quality