Media

• digitalisation


  The ability to deliver information digitally, all information is converted into binary code
• Technological Convergence

  convergence of different types of media into a single delivery system eg mobile phones and smart systems
• interactivity

  in new media, users are able to interact and select the media that they want to watch or listen, power to the consumers
• choice

  Growth of new media provides consumers with more choice as audiences can interact with a variety of media
• participatory culture

  new media users are able to actively collaborate with the media so that the media is constantly evolving
• collective intelligence

  the sharing of knowledge and ideas
• Who suggests that the growth of new media has created a digital underclass characterised by unemployment and lower education levels?

  Helpster
• What are the negatives of new media as suggested by Cultural pessimists?

  domination by conglomerates undermines potential for democracy, over commercialised, reinforces elite power, decline in high culture and quality of popular culture, lack of regulation
• Who argues that the lack of regulation in the new media has led to trolling and internet based radicalisation, the new media does nothing for democracy?

  Keen
• What are the 3 main points of Pluralists?

  mass media should remain impartial, modern capitalist societies are democratic, all interest groups are given a media platform to express their views.
• Who used the term symbolic annihilation to describe the underrepresentation of women in the media?

  Tuchman
• Who argues that the role of the media is to transmit dominant ideology to produce a false class consciousness?

  Miliband
• What do neomarxists say about the media?

  dominant ideology spread by journalists is an accidental by product of the types of people employed as journalists and their socialisation
• Who argues media created a beauty myth by presenting a certain body image as ideal for mens gratification?

  Wolf
• How is the concentration of media ownership shown in the UK as found by Bagdikian?

  The Uk newspaper industry is owned by just 7 individuals
• What is Rupert Murdoch known as?

  The man who owns the news- this is an example of cross media ownership
• What is lateral expansion?

  companies branch out into new areas of media eg Virgin/ Virgin Atlantic/ Virgin media
• synergy

  media companies repackage their products in different ways eg Harry Potter branched off into movies, foods, soundtracks, games etc
• what are the three characteristics of hegemonic masculinity to describe men?

  the provider, protector and impregnator
• What is the postmodernist view of male magazines?


  Frank Mort argues that the increasing demand for male magazines reflects changed in social attitudes to masculinity, creates a metrosexual male.
• Which magazine portrays retributive masculinity?

  Zoo and nuts
• Who created the term retributive masculinity and what does it mean?

  Rutherford- some male magazines portray stereotypical masculine concerns, birds, booze and football.
• What is cocacolonization?

  Where western media products and cultural values are forced onto non-western cultures which undermines local cultures.
• What does Tomlinson argue about globalisation?


  Globalisation does not involve direct cultural imposition but instead it causes a hybridisation of cultures, pick and mix. Pluralists argue that hybridisation leads to a promotion of democracy and growing cultural diversity.
• What is the postmodernist view of the media?

  Media images distort and replace reality to create a hyperreality, this shapes consumer choices as popular culture dominates the way in which we view ourselves.
• who found that the topic of contraception was portrayed as predominantly a female issue in the media?

  Batchelor
• What are the three media signifiers of gayness according to Craig?

  Camp, macho, deviant
• symbolic annihilation of the LGBTQ community

  Research by Stonewall found that LGBTQ actors are only assigned to mainly comedic roles. There is an institutional bias towards heterosexuality
• What did Gill find?


  advertisements that use gay and lesbian imagery is actually aimed at the conventional heterosexual audience and reflects hegemonic definitions of sexuality eg soap operas.
• What are lesbian images in advertising presented as according to Gill?

  hypersexual chic
• What are the 8 news values?

  extraordinariness, reference to elite persons, continuity, personalisation, frequency, negativity, unambiguity and narrative
• give some ways that broadcast media presents itself as trustworthy

  presented live, given name of reporters, reporters are always formally dressed, repeating headlines, reporters at the scene of events, branding of news company
• Who argues that the way news is presented is used to make people think that it is impartial and objective?

  Chandler
• What are the two types of media?

  Print and broadcast media
• How is news presented as a social construction?

  presentation (newsworthiness), selection by gatekeepers and organisational routines (bureaucracy)
• What does Franklin argue?


  That entertainment has now taken over information in the construction of news. 'Infotainment" is a threat to democracy as it blurs the distinction between fictional and factual.
• what are the 5 organisational routines within news?

  financial costs, time or space available, deadlines, immediacy and actuality and the audience
• Immediacy and actuality

  Where events are more likely to be reported if they are accompanied by soundbites and live film footage because it adds dramatic reality eg crowd cheering makes news more trustworthy
• which class is overrepresented on TV dramas?

  middle class
• What is the Bullingdon club?

  a private all male dining club for Oxford university students