PCOG- Q2 Sources

• PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE

  Organic compound containing a pyridine ring and a piperidine ring
• Tobacco Plant

  • Dried leaves
  • Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae
  • Nicotiana was named after a French diplomat, Jane Nicot
• Constituents of pyridine

  Nicotine - Colorless to pale yellow, hygroscopic, volatile liquid
• Areca

  • Aka Betel Nut, Areca Nut
  • Dried rape seed
  • scientific Areca catechu, Arecaceae
• Constituents and uses/effects of Areca

  • Arecoline (aka Arecaidine methyl ester) – anthelminthic in veterinary practice; vermicide; taeniafuge; most abundant
  • Arecaidine (aka N-methyl guvacine)
  • Guvacine (aka Tetrahydronicotinic acid)
  • Guvacoline (aka Guvacine methyl ester)
  • Tannin – the type of tannin present causes esophageal cancer
• Areca + Lime + leaves of Piper betel + gambir → this mixture is known as "punsupari", a stimulant masticatory in India
• Lobelia


  • Aka Indian Tobacco
  • Dried leaves and tops
  • Scientific name: Lobelia inflata, Lobeliaceae
  • Lobelia named in honor of Flemish botanist, Matthias de L'Obel
• Constituents and uses/effects of Lobelia


  • Lobeline or alpha lobeline (colorless crystals)
  • Smoking deterrent (since it produces similar, weaker, pharmacologic effects to nicotine)
• Lobelia-

  Formerly incorporated in tablets and lozenges but controlled studies showed that it has only a placebo effect so products were removed from the market
• TROPANE (SOLANACEOUS GROUP)


  Organic compound containing a tropane ring
• Belladonna Leaf


  • Aka Deadly Nightshade Leaf or Belladonna Herb
  • Dried leaf and flowering or fruiting top
  • Atropa belladonna, Solanaceae
  • Atropos – means inflexible, name of Greek Fate that cuts the thread of life

  
• Constituents of Belladonna Leaf


  • Hyoscyamine
  • Atropine
• Plant sources containing mostly Hyoscyamine, Atropine, Scopolamine

  • Hyoscyamus
  • Stramonium
  • Mandragora
• Hyoscyamus


  • Aka Henbane
  • Hyoscyamus niger
  • Toxic to swine
• Constituents of Hyoscyamus

  • Hyoscamine
  • Atropine
  • Scopolamine aka hyoscine
• Stramonium

  • Datura Stramonium aka Jimson Weed; Jamestown Weed
  • Datura metel aka Talumpunay or Thorn Apple
• Mandragora

  • Aka European Mandrake
  • Mandragora officinarum
• Coca

  • Aka Coca
  • Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylaceae
• When extracted from the plant, it is usually racemized during the process and converted into atropine
• Hyoscyamine sulfate is extremely poisonous
• Pharmacological effects of Atropine

  • Anticholinergic – aids in the control of gastric secretion, visceral spasm, hypermotility and associated abdominal cramps
  • Used in parkinsonism – to reduce rigidity, tremors; control sialorrhea and hyperhidrosis
  • Anticholinergic
  • Antispasmodic
  • Antisialagogue
  • Mydriatic and cycloplegic
  • Antidote for cholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine and organophosphate insecticides
• Scopolamine is present in Hyoscyamus niger
• Pharmacological effects of Scopolamine

  • Has depressant activity on CNS
  • Treatment of motion sickness
  • Employed for preanesthetic sedation and obstetric amnesia in conjunction with analgesics
  • Available as Trans-scoop or transderm scop – 4 hours before; anti-emetic effect
• Toxicity Symptoms on the use of Atropine, Scopolamine and Belladonna Tincture

  • Skin rash
  • Skin flushing
  • Mouth dryness
  • Difficulty in urination
  • Eye pain
  • Blurred vision
  • Light sensitivity
• QUINOLINE

  Organic compound containing a quinoline ring
• Cuprea bark


  • Has a copper-red color, is hard, compact, and heavy
  • Remijia purdieana; R. pedunculata (Rubiaceae)
• Constituents and use of Cuprea bark

  • 2-6% alkaloids of which 1/3 may be quinine
  • Commercial source of quinidine
• Cinchona Bark

  • Cinchona succirubra aka Red Cinchona
  • Cinchona calisaya aka Yellow Cinchona
  • Named in honor of Countess of Chinchon; and from the Latin word, succirubra meaning red juice
• Hybrids of Cinchona ledgeriana-Cinchona calisaya produce a higher yield of alkaloids than the parent species
• Constituents and uses of Cinchona Bark

  • Quinidine – antiarrhythmic
  • Quinine – antimalarial; in the US, it was used in the preparation of tonic water
  • Cinchonine
  • Cinchonidine
  • Cinchotannic acid
• Alkaloids are chiefly formed in the parenchymal cells of the middle layer of the bark of cinchona
• Overdose symptoms of cinchona products

  • Loss of hearing
  • Impaired sight
  • Ringing of the ear (symptom of toxicity)
  • Cinchonism – It is the term used when the symptoms are produced as the result of continuous use of cinchona or of quinine
• Thalleioquin test is identification test for quinine/quinidine
• Quinidine

  • Stereoisomer of quinine
  • Present in cinchona barks to the extent of 0.25 to 1.25%
• Quinidine products


  • Quinidine sulfate (Quinaglute®, Quinidex®) - Odorless, bitter taste, and darkens when exposed to light; Readily soluble in water, alcohol, methanol and chloroform; Used in the treatment of various cardiac arrhythmias
  • Quinidine gluconate - Available in sustained release tablets; Also available in as intravenously administered agent: drug of choice in treatment of severe, life-threatening malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum
  • Quinidine polygalacturonate - Has controlled and more uniform absorption through the intestinal mucosa than does quinidine sulfate; Advantage: produces lower incidence of gastrointestinal irritation
• Quinidine gluconate


  • Available in sustained release tablets
  • Also available as intravenously administered agent: drug of choice in treatment of severe, life-threatening malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum
• Quinidine polygalacturonate


  • Has controlled and more uniform absorption through the intestinal mucosa than does quinidine sulfate
  • Advantage: produces lower incidence of gastrointestinal irritation
• Quinine sulfate


  • White, odorless, bitter, fine needlelike crystals that becomes brownish when exposed to light
  • Not readily soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, or ether
  • Antimalarial and once was the only agent available to treat this disease
  • For suppression or chemoprophylaxis of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax
  • Regained considerable importance in the treatment of chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria
  • Has skeletal muscle relaxant effect therefore used for the prevention and treatment of nocturnal recumbency leg cramp
• Ipecac is commercially known as Cartagena, Nicaragua, or Panama Ipecac
• Ipecac

  Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Rubiaceae