Developing Fuels

• What’s the molar volume of gases

  24000cm3 or 24dm3
• What’s the ideal gas law

  Pressure is proportional to temperature

  colume is proportional to temperature

  pressure and volume are inversely proportional
• What’s the ideal gas equation

  pV = nRT

  p is pressure

  v is vol

  t is temp

  n is moles

  m is mass
• what’s the ideal gas constant

  8.31 Kjmol-1
• Gas techniques

  
• The shape of a simple molecule or ion is determined by the number of electron pairs around the central atom and repulsion between them
• Wedged line comes out of paper and dotted goes into
• What are the 2 bonds?

  sigma or pi
• The pi bond is formed by sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals
• The sigma bond is formed by overlap of orbitals directly between bonding atom
• Enthalpy change

  
• Endothermic diagram

  
• Exothermic diagram

  
• What is the bond enthalpy?

  the energy require to break one mole of the stated bond in a gaseous state under standard conditions
• What’s the enthalpy change of reaction?

  the enthalpy change when quantities of substances in standard states react completely under standard conditions
• whats enthalpy change of formation?

  the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is produced from its elements under standard conditions
• Whats the enthalpy change of combunstion?

  the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is burned completely in oxygen under standard conditions
• What’s the enthalpy change of neutralisation?

  the enthalpy change when solution of acid and alkali react together under standard conditions to produce one mole of water
• What’s standard conditions?

  solution concentrations of 1.00moldm-3 pressure 100kPa and a stated temp
• What’s calorimetry?

  ?an experimental method for finding enthalpy change by measuring temp change over time
• What is energy change equation?

  q=mc deltaT
• What’s specific heat capacity?

  the energy required to rais 1g of the substance by 1K without a change of state
• What’s the equation for enthalpy change per mole?

  deltaH = q /moles
• Hess law of formation

  
• Hess law of combustion

  
• What do catalysts do?

  lower the activation energy of a reaction by providing an alternative reaction route
• What’s a heterogeneous catalyst?

  catalysts in a different phase or state to the species in the reaction
• How do heterogeneous catalysts work?

  adsorbing molecules onto an active site on the surface of the catalyst. These increase the proximity of molecules and weaken covalent bonds. These are used in industry
• What’s a risk of a heterogeneous catalyst?

  impurities can bind to the surface and block reactants from being adsorbed. This is catalyst poisoning and reduces activity of caralyst
• What is cracking?

  when long chain hydrocarbons are broken into shorter more useful hydrocarbons
• What are the 2 types of cracking?

  thermal and catalytic
• Thermal cracking uses high temp and pressures
• Catalytic cracking produces aromatic compounds with carbon rings. Lower temps are used with normal pressure but a catalyst is also used to compensate. Hydrocarbon vapour is passed over the heated catalyst
• Fuels are combusted and pollutants are released into atmosphere.
• What are the harmful products of combustion?

  carbon monoxide

  carbon dioxide

  oxides of nitrogen and sulfur
• Incomplete combustion can produce carbon particulates which can cause respiratory problems and global dimming
• Catalytic converters

  unburnt hydrocarbons and oxide of nitrogen can b removed from systems. They use rhodium catalyst to convert harmful products to more stable products such as CO2 or water
• What’s a homologous series?

  A series of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties. Differing by CH2 and increase Bp as chain length increases
• Namimg compounds

  
• Naming compounds