Manufacturing 1

• Manufacturing

  The application of physical and chemical processes to alter the geometry, properties, and materials to make parts or products
• Manufacturing (economic)

  The transformation of materials into items of greater value by one or more processing and/or assembly operations
• Manufacturing industries

  • Primary industries (cultivate and exploit natural resources)
  • Secondary industries (convert outputs of primary industries into consumer and capital goods)
  • Tertiary industries (service sector)
• Secondary industries


  • Manufacturing, Construction, Electric Power Generation
• Manufacturing (in secondary industries)


  Production of hardware, e.g. nuts and bolts, forgings, cars, airplanes, digital computers, plastic parts, ceramic products
• Manufactured products


  • Consumer goods (purchased directly by consumers)
  • Capital goods (purchased by companies to produce goods and/or provide services)
• Manufacturing

  The application of physical and chemical processes to alter the geometry, properties, and materials to make parts or products
• Manufacturing (economic)

  The transformation of materials into items of greater value by one or more processing and/or assembly operations
• Manufacturing industries

  • Primary industries (cultivate and exploit natural resources)
  • Secondary industries (convert outputs of primary industries into consumer and capital goods)
  • Tertiary industries (service sector)
• Secondary industries

  Manufacturing, Construction, and Electric Power Generation
• Manufactured products

  • Consumer goods (purchased directly by consumers)
  • Capital goods (purchased by companies to produce goods and/or provide services)
• Production quantity (Q)

  Annual quantities can be classified into low (1 to 100 units), medium (100 to 10,000 units), and high (10,000 to millions of units)
• Product variety (P)


  The number of different product types made each year in a factory
• Soft product variety refers to small differences between products, while hard product variety refers to products that differ substantially
• Manufacturing capability

  • Technological processing capability
  • Physical product limitations
  • Production capacity
• Technological processing capability

  The set of available manufacturing processes in a plant, including both physical processes and the expertise of plant personnel
• Physical product limitations

  Size and weight limitations on the parts or products that can be made in a factory, which affect production equipment and material handling equipment
• Production capacity

  The maximum quantity that a plant can produce in a given time period under assumed operating conditions, such as number of shifts, hours per shift, and direct labour manning levels
• Manufacturing processes

  • Processing operations (transform a material from one state of completion to a more advanced state)
  • Assembly operations (join two or more components to create a new entity)
• Basic material types in manufacturing

  • Metals
  • Ceramics
  • Polymers
• Composites

  Non-homogeneous mixtures of the other three basic material types (metals, ceramics, and polymers)
• Metallic materials

  • Ferrous metals (based on iron)
  • Non-ferrous metals (all other metallic elements and their alloys)
• Ceramic materials

  • Crystalline ceramics (traditional and modern)
  • Glasses (mostly based on silica)
• Polymer materials

  • Thermoplastic polymers (can be subjected to multiple heating and cooling cycles)
  • Thermosetting polymers (molecules chemically transform into a rigid structure)
  • Elastomers (show significant elastic behavior)
• Composites

  Material consisting of two or more phases that are processed separately and then bonded together to achieve properties superior to its components
• The properties of composites depend on their components, their physical shapes, and the production methods used to combine them
• Technology

  The application of science to provide society and its members with those things that are needed or desired
• Technology provides the products that help our society and its members live better
• What these products have in common is that they are all Manufactured
• Manufacturing is the essential factor that makes technology possible
• Design

  To design a product that can be manufactured easily and economically without sacrificing product quality
• Typically 70% of manufacturing costs are associated with decisions made during the design process
• Primary industries

  Cultivate and exploit natural resources (e.g., agriculture, mining)
• Manufacturing industries

  Consists of enterprises and organizations that produce or supply goods and services
• Manufacturing capability

  A plant consists of processes and systems (and people) to transform materials into products of increased value
• Building blocks of modern manufacturing

  • Materials
  • Processes
  • Systems
• Metals, ceramics, and polymers have different chemistry, mechanical and physical properties that affect the manufacturing processes to produce products from them
• Product design affects


  • Manufacture
  • Assembly processes
• Steps between product design and manufacture

  1. Production methods

  2. Tooling design

  3. Production planning
• Ineffective communication, poor decision making, and unforeseen delay can occur due to people thinking from their own perspectives towards the design