OCC

• Speech Style

  Forms of the language which the speaker uses, depending on the degree of formality
• 5 Speech Styles


  • Frozen Style
  • Formal Style
  • Consultative Style
  • Casual Style
  • Intimate Style
• Frozen Style


  • Highest rank, most formal level, used in very formal setting, almost never changes, fixed & static language using long sentences with good command of grammar
• Formal Style


  • One-way communication, used in structured formal communication, data are carefully planned, uses verbal & non-verbal delivery style
• Consultative Style


  • Engage in an active exchange of information, applies a semi-formal kind of speaking, uses concise sentences with a lot of inquiry to communicate
• Casual Style


  • Ordinary conversation, uses standard & non-standard languages like slang, uses informal & conversational language
• Intimate Style


  • Private conversation (family & close friends), used by participants who have very close relationship
• Speech Act

  Act that a speaker performs when making an utterance
• Types of Speech Acts


  • Locutionary Act
  • Illocutionary Act
  • Perlocutionary Act
• Locutionary Act


  Actual words spoken by the speaker
• Illocutionary Act


  What the speaker actually meant when they said the message, speaker's intention
• Classifications of Illocutionary Act


  • Assertive
  • Directive
  • Commissive
  • Expressive
  • Declaration
• Assertive

  • State a belief/fact confidently
• Directive

  • Make someone carry out an action
• Commissive

  • Engage someone to do something in the future
• Expressive

  • Express one's emotion
• Declaration


  • Effect immediate changes
• Perlocutionary Act

  Refers to the effect that the speech has on the context
• Communication Strategies

  • Nomination
  • Restriction
  • Turn-Taking
  • Topic control
  • Topic Shifting
  • Topic Repair
  • Termination
• Nomination

  • Presenting a particular topic
• Restriction

  • Restricting the discussion to the topic presented
• Turn-Taking

  • Process of providing equal opportunities to all participants
• Topic control

  • Involves the act of sustaining the topic
• Topic Shifting


  • Involves moving from one topic to another, one part of a conversation ends & another begins
• Topic Repair

  • Refers to solving problems/errors which may interrupt the discussion
• Termination

  • Process of closing on-going topics
• Principles of Speech Writing

  • Choosing a Topic
  • Analyzing the Audience
  • Sourcing the Information
  • Outlining & Organizing the speech content
• Choosing a Topic

  • Start with your basic interest, review your experiences, look at the things around you, be like a journalist, watch TV or read the newspaper, narrow your topic & determine your purpose
• Analyzing the Audience

  • Know the area (knowledge of the audience), Feel the area (emotional connection of the audience), Do the area (experiences of the audience)
• Sourcing the Information


  • Gather valid and reliable data from sources like books, encyclopedias, almanacs, magazines, newspapers, professional journals, audio recordings, videos, films, internet, interviews, lectures, surveys
• Outlining & Organizing the speech content

  • The outline is the framework of the speech and serves as the guide in developing the speech
• Traditional Patterns of Outlining & Organizing a Speech

  • Chronological
  • Spatial
  • Causal
  • Problem Solution
• Chronological

  • Dependent on what transpired over a period of time, used for biographical speeches, arranging the sequence of events
• Spatial

  • Good for speeches that describe a place/location, used to describe an effect of something
• Causal

  • Cause and effect pattern, used to discuss problems
• Problem Solution

  • Used to present a number of problems and their solutions
• Speech Style


  Forms of the language which a speaker uses, depending on the degree of formality
• 5 Speech Styles


  • Frozen Style
  • Formal Style
  • Consultative Style
  • Casual Style
  • Intimate Style
• Frozen Style


  • Highest rank, most formal level, used in very formal setting, almost never changes, fixed & static language using long sentences with good command of grammar
• Formal Style


  • One-way communication, used in structured formal communication, data are carefully planned, uses verbal & non-verbal delivery style