Chapters 18 + 19

• Toddlers range from 12 months to 36 months
• Toddlers: 30-40% kcal comes from fat, 1.1 grams comes from protein
• Toddlers: 130 grams of carbs, 14 grams of fiber
• Child growth slows once 2-4 years
• From ages 4 to 8, values most nutrients increase
• From ages 8 to 9 sexual maturation begins
• EER varies according to age, body weight, and level of activity
• EER for adolescents is based on activity level, height, and weight
• Adequate calcium intake maximizes bone calcium uptake and mineral bone density
• Disordered eating can begin at the adolescent age
• Dietary choices influence risk or acne
• 17% of american households with children experience hunger or food insecurity
• Impaired nutrients can affect psychological health and immune response
• School lunches are higher in fat, there is no monitoring for the adequacy of the food eaten
• Overweight: BMI is above the 85th percentile, same age and gender
• Obese: BMI is above 95th percentile
• Class 2 obesity: BMI > 120% of 95th percentile
• Class 3 obesity: BMI > 140% of the 95th percentile
• Federals school lunch: limit intake of fat, sugar, and sodium.
• Policies limit competitive food and reduce the risk of overweight and obesity
• Aerobic physical activity is recommended for at least an hour a day
• Bone and muscle activity for at least 3 days a week is needed
• Physical activity,, overweight children can catch up to their weight as they grow taller without restricting food intake
• Physical activity, acquire motor skill and muscle strength
• Lifestyle modifications are recommended to improve dietary intake while decreasing physical activity
• The average life expectancy is 76 years for males, and 81 for females
• The older adult population in the US is the fastest growing populus
• Xerostomia: declined salivary production
• Dysphagia: swallowing difficulty
• Achlorhydria: low HCl production, decreases nutrient intake
• The gut biota changes when aging occurs
• Sarcopenic obesity, decrease in mucle and lean tissue
• During sarcopenic obesity hormones decrease in production, and bone mineral density decreases
• Decreased energy needs comes from loss of muscle or lean tissue
• Older adults need less fiber
• Diets come from 20-35% fat, 130g carb
• Calcium and vitamin D are requirements are increased for older people
• In older adults iron needs decrease
• In older adults zinc, Vitamin C and E recommendations stay the same
• Adequate intake of B vitamins is neede