PS

• chlorophyll: green pigment that absorbs light energy in the chloroplasts.
• chloroplasts: stroma (fluid) > grana (pancake stack) > thylakoids (pankcakes) > chlorophyll molecules
• Chlorophyll molecules and an ETC are embedded in the thylakoid membrane
• PS reaction: CO2 + H2O + light energy → [CH2O] + O2
• primary site for photosynthesis: spongy & palisade mesophyll due to chloroplasts abundance.
• leaf structure: guard cells : pairs of kidney-shaped cells regulate exchange of CO2 and O2 with the atmosphere and allow H2O vapour to escape by transpiration
• Stomata: assists in PS by transpiration pull and evaporating effect to cool enzymes
• chlorophyll: porphyin ring and phytol tail
• stomata: composed of guard cells, radial cellulose microfibrils, terminal attachments
• when stomata is open the cells are turgid (swollen) caused by an increase in K+ and water in the guard cells. they swell unevenly because the inner walls are thicker.
• when stomata closed the cells are flaccid because the K+ and water moves out of the guard cells and they shrink.
• calvin cycle: 1. 3 co2 + RuBP + 3 h2o = PGA. by enzyme rubisco.
• calvin cycle 2. PGA + PO4 from atp -> 1,3 biphosphoglycerate
• calvin cycle: 3. 1, 3 biphosphoglycerate + reducing agent NADHP -> G3P (one of 6 mcls leaves cycle)
• calvin cycle: 4. G3P + h2o + PO4 -> RuBP
• calvin cycle: 5. RuBP makes CO2 (3 of each)