psychosexual, psychosocial, cognitive development

• Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas.
• An erogenous zone is characterized as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation.
• During the five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure
• Psychosexual energy, or the libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior.
• A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain "stuck" in this stage.
• oral stage - If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression.
• anal stage - Fixations during this stage can lead to either excessive cleanliness (obsessive compulsiveness) or messiness (hoarding).
• phallic stage - A fixation here may result in feelings of guilt over sexual desires towards one's parent of the same sex.
• latency period - This stage is marked by a decrease in libidinal energy and a shift away from sexuality.
• The Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father.
• genital stage - The final stage of psychosexual development, where individuals are able to engage in mature adult relationships and experience full sexual pleasure.
• The genital stage - This stage begins during puberty but lasts throughout the rest of a person's life.
• Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development.
• Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)
• Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)
• Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)
• Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)
• Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)
• Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)
• Erikson's theory was based on what is known as the epigenetic principle. This principle suggests that people grow in a sequence that occurs over time and in the context of a larger community.
• Erikson also believed that a sense of competence motivates behaviors and actions.
• Hope - Outcome in Trust vs. Mistrust.
• Will - Outcome in Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt.
• Purpose - Outcome in Initiative vs. Guilt.
• Confidence - Outcome in Industry vs. Inferiority.
• Fidelity - Outcome in Identity vs. Role Confusion.
• Love - Outcome in Intimacy vs. Isolation.
• Care - Outcome in Generativity vs. Stagnation.
• Wisdom - Outcome in Ego Integrity vs. Despair.
• Trust vs. Mistrust - At this point in development, the child is utterly dependent upon adult caregivers for everything they need to survive including food, love, warmth, safety, and nurturing. If a caregiver fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will come to feel that they cannot trust or depend upon the adults in their life.
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - At this point in development, children are just starting to gain a little independence. They are starting to perform basic actions on their own and making simple decisions about what they prefer. By allowing kids to make choices and gain control, parents and caregivers can help children develop a sense of autonomy
• Initiative vs. Guilt - At this point in psychosocial development, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.

  Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative.
• Industry vs Inferiority - Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

  Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
• Identity vs. Confusion - This stage plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal identity which will continue to influence behavior and development for the rest of a person's life. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
• Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction and becomes a central focus during the identity versus confusion stage of psychosocial development.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation - Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
• Integrity vs. Despair - The final psychosocial stage occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. At this point in development, people look back on the events of their lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret the things they did or didn't do.