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chemisty topic 1
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The
periodic table
is a
list of all the elements
which are known to exist
Elements
A
single
type of atom
Atoms
Very very
small
things
The name
'atom'
comes from the
Greek
word for
'uncuttable'
Compound
Two or more elements
that are
chemically bonded
together
Structure of an atom
Electrons on the
shells
around the outside
Protons in the
middle
Neutrons
in the middle
Nucleus
The part in the
middle
of an atom
Protons
Mass of
1
Charge of
+1
Neutrons
Mass of
1
Charge of
0
Electrons
Mass of
1/1000
Charge of
-1
Atomic number
The number of
protons
and
electrons
in an atom
Mass number
The
number
of
protons
plus the
number of neutrons
Important chemical formulas to learn
Water (
H2O
)
Hydrogen gas (
H2
)
Oxygen gas (
O2
)
Carbon dioxide (
CO2
)
Ammonia (
NH3
)
Hydrochloric acid (
HCl
)
Sulfuric acid (
H2SO4
)
Pure substance
A substance made of only that type of element or compound
Compound
Two
or more
different elements
chemically
bonded
together
Mixture
Lots of different things, some chemically bonded, some not
Separation techniques
Distillation
Evaporation
Filtration
Fractional distillation
The plum pudding model was the
original
model of the atom
Rutherford's
experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus
Bohr
developed the current model of the atom
Chadwick
discovered neutrons
Groups
Go
down
the periodic table, tell us the
number of electrons
on the outer shell
Periods
Go
across
the periodic table, relate to the number of
shells
Determining the electronic configuration of an element
1. Look up the element on the periodic table
2. Determine the number of shells from the period
3. Determine the number of electrons on the outer shell from the group
Atomic number
The number of
protons
in the nucleus
Charge of an ion
Metals lose
electrons
, become
positive
ions
Nonmetals gain electrons, become
negative
ions
Groups on the periodic table
Group 1 (
alkali
metals)
Group 2 (alkaline
earth
metals)
Group 6 (
chalcogens
)
Group 7 (
halogens
)
Group 8 (
noble
gases)
Transition
metals
Mendeleev
left gaps in his periodic table, which allowed him to predict
undiscovered
elements
Halogens
Exist as
diatomic
molecules
Highly
reactive, want to gain
1
electron
Reactivity
decreases
down the group
A more reactive element
Can
displace
a less reactive element from a compound
Displacement reactions
Reactions where a
more
reactive element
displaces
a less reactive element from a compound
Alkali metals
Soft
, grey metals
Highly
reactive
with water, forming metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas
Reactivity
increases
down the group
Transition metals
Hard
, shiny, good conductors
Used in jewelry, wires, saucepans, stained glass, statues