BSF

• Levels of organization in the body

  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Human
• Anatomical Terms


  • Medial: toward the midline
  • Lateral: away from the midline
  • Distal: farthest from the point of origin
  • Proximal: closest to the point of origin
  • Superior: above
  • Inferior: below
  • Anterior: toward front of the body
  • Posterior: toward the back of the body
  • Superficial: at or near the bodys surface
  • Deep: away from the body surface ("deep" in the body)
• Physiology


  How the body functions
• Homeostasis


  Constant internal environment within the body, or balance in the body
• Elements

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
• Metabolism

  The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
• Types of metabolic activity

  • Catabolism: involves breaking down complex compounds, releases energy which is transferred to ATP to be used
  • Anabolism: involves building more complex compounds, requires energy which it gets from ATP
• Acids


  The more hydrogen ions produced, the stronger the acid
• Bases


  The greater the concentration of OH- ions, the stronger the base, accept excess hydrogen ions which balances out the acids
• pH


  Normal range for pH is 7.35-7.5, anything below pH of 7 is acidic, anything above pH of 7 is basic or alkaline
• Cell Types


  • Nerve cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Red blood cells
  • Glands Cells
  • Immune Cells
• Key Transport Processes

  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport pump
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Exocytosis
  • Sodium-potassium pump
• Components of the Microbiome

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Archaea
• Bacteria Shapes


  • Cocci: round or spherical
  • Bacilli: rod-shaped
  • Spirilla: spiral-shaped
  • Diplococci: cocci that exists in sets of two
  • Staphylococci: cocci in clusters
  • Streptococci: cocci in chain form
• Types of Tissue


  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
• Where Epithelial Tissue is Found

  • Simple squamous epithelium: in alveoli and lining of blood and lymphatic vessels
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium: ducts and tubules of many organs including the kidneys
  • Simple columnar epithelium: lines the intestines
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: lines the trachea, large bronchi, and nasal mucosa
  • Stratified squamous epithelium: epidermis of the skin, esophagus, vagina
  • Transitional epithelium: urinary tract
• Where Connective Tissue is Found

  • Dense fibrous: ligaments, tendons, fascia, dermis of the skin
  • Adipose: in the fat, beneath the skin, breast, heart's surface, surrounds the kidneys and eyes
  • Bone: skeleton
  • Blood: inside blood vessels throughout the body
  • Areolar: under the epithelia, surrounds the blood vessels, nerves, the esophagus, and the trachea
  • Reticular: framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
  • Cartilage: ends of bones in joints, connecting point between ribs and sternum, rings in trachea and bronchi, larynx, fetal skeleton (hyaline cartilage); external ear (elastic cartilage); intervertebral discs, knee joint, pelvis (fibrocartilage)
• Where Nervous Tissue is Found

  • Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Where Muscle Tissue is Found

  • Skeletal muscle found attached to the bone
  • Cardiac muscle found only in the heart
  • Smooth muscle found lining the walls of many organs including the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
• Types of Skin Cancer

  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma
• Types of Burns

  • First degree burn
  • Second degree burn
  • Third degree burn
• The skin is the heaviest organ in the body
• Bone Functions


  • Shape
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Electrolyte balance
  • Blood production
  • Acid-base balance
• Classification of Bones

  • Long bones
  • Flat bones
  • Short bones
  • Irregular bones
• Bursae are small sacs filled with synovial fluid that are in some joints such as the knee, shoulder, and elbow</b>
• Types of Bones


  • Spongy bone
  • Compact bone
• Generalized Bones in Upper and Lower Extremities

  • Upper extremities: humerus, radius, ulna, and the carpals
  • Lower extremities: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and foot
• In an adult, red blood marrow is only found in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, and the upper parts of both the humerus and femur
• True Ribs vs False Ribs

  • Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they attach to the sternum
  • Ribs 8-12 are called false ribs because they do not attach directly to the sternum and instead to rib 7
• Divisions of Vertebral Column

  • Cervical vertebrae: C1-C7
  • Thoracic vertebrae: T1-T12
  • Lumbar vertebrae: L1-L5
  • Sacrum: S1, 5 fused vertebrae
  • Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
• Hematopoiesis


  The process of creating new blood cells
• Types of Joints

  • Ball-and-socket joint
  • Pivot joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Condyloid joint
  • Gliding joint
• Joint Movements


  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantar flexion
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
• Types of joints


  • Ball-and-socket joint
  • Pivot joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Hinge joint
  • Condyloid joint
  • Gliding joint
• Ball-and-socket joint

  • Widest range of motion of all joints
• Ball-and-socket joint


  • Shoulder and hip joints
• Pivot joint


  • Atlas and axis
• Saddle joint


  • Only found in the thumbs
• Hinge joint


  • Elbow
• Condyloid joint

  • Like the wrist