Environmental unit one

• Environment


  The circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded
• Environment

  The complex of climatic, edaphic (soil-based), and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecologic community
• Public Health Definition of "The Environment"

  All that which is external to the individual host
• Public Health Definition of "The Environment"

  Can be divided into physical, biological, social, and cultural factors, any or all of which can influence health status in populations
• Health


  A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Disease


  Trouble or a condition of the living animal or plant body or one of its parts that impairs the performance of a vital function
• Safe


  Free from harm or risk; Secure from threat of danger, harm, or loss; Zero risk
• Risk


  Possibility of loss or injury, peril. The chance of loss; the degree of probability of such loss
• Environmental Health Sciences


  The study of those factors in the environment that affect human health
• Contributors to the "Environment"

  • Chemical - Air pollutants, toxic wastes, pesticides
  • Biologic - Disease organisms present in food and water, Insect and animal allergens
  • Physical - Noise, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
  • Socioeconomic - Access to safe and sufficient health care
• WHO Definition of Environmental Health

  Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment
• WHO Definition of Environmental Health

  It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations
• Facets of Environmental Health

  • Environmental epidemiology - Associations between exposure to environmental agents and subsequent development of disease
  • Environmental toxicology - Causal mechanisms between exposure and subsequent development of disease
  • Environmental engineering - Factors that govern and reduce exposure
  • Preventive medicine - Factors that govern and reduce disease development
  • Law - Development of appropriate legislation to protect public health
• Components of Hygiene and environmental health

  • Personal hygiene - Hygiene of body and clothing
  • Water supply - Adequacy, safety (chemical, bacteriological, physical) of water for domestic, drinking and recreational use
  • Human waste disposal - Proper excreta disposal and liquid waste management
  • Solid waste management - Proper application of storage, collection, disposal of waste. Waste production and recycling
  • Vector control - Control of mammals (such as rats) and arthropods (insects such as flies and other creatures such as mites) that transmit disease
  • Food hygiene - Food safety and wholesomeness in its production, storage, preparation, distribution and sale, until consumption
  • Healthful housing - Physiological needs, protection against disease and accidents, psychological and social comforts in residential and recreational areas
  • Institutional hygiene - Communal hygiene in schools, prisons, health facilities, refugee camps, detention homes and settlement areas
  • Water pollution - Sources, characteristics, impact and mitigation
  • Occupational hygiene - Hygiene and safety in the workplace
• An environment is all that is external to the individual human host
• An environment may be: physical, chemical, biological, social, and cultural etc....all these may influence the health of population
• Environmental health refers to characteristics of all environmental conditions which affect the quality of health
• State of human health influenced by

  • Hereditary factors
  • Nutritional factors
  • Environmental factors
• Quality of health have direct relation with quality of environment. it involves Work place, House we live, Recreation place etc...
• Hygiene


  A science of preventive medicine and preservation of health
• Hygiene

  A science of preserving and promoting the health of both individual and community
• Hygiene


  Maintenance of healthful practice
• Aspects of hygiene


  • Personal hygiene: proper living habit, cleanliness of body and cloth, balance diet, rest and exercise
  • Domestic hygiene: sanitary preparation of food, cleanliness and ventilation of home
  • Public hygiene: safe water and food supply, proper disposal of garbage and sewage, control of air and water pollution
  • Industrial hygiene: measures minimum occupational disease and accident
  • Mental hygiene: recognition of mental and emotional factors in healthful living
• Determinant of health


  • Hereditary /biological factors: e.g. Hemophilia, Diabetes mellitus
  • Medical care: e.g. Early treatment avert the cause of disease
  • Life style: e.g. Inadequate sleep and rest reduce resistant to infection, Smoking, heavy alcoholism and poor diet also determine our health
• Environment affect people health more strongly
• Environmental threat/problems to human health


  • Inadequate basic sanitation
  • Lack of safe drinking water accessibility
  • Inadequate solid waste disposal
  • Indoor air pollution
  • Water pollution from pollutant area
  • Housing appliance such as refrigeration, electric, transportation etc...
• Principles of environmental health

  • The agent
  • The reservoir
  • Its portal of exit
  • Its mode of transmission
  • Its portal entry
  • Susceptible host
• Levels of prevention


  • Primary prevention - Prevent people from sick, Reduce exposure for susceptible individual, Prevent the exposure of Inadequate and unsafe water supply, Improper waste disposal, Vector and rodent infestation
  • Secondary prevention - Early detection or treatment, Possible to cure disease or slow its progress, Prevent complication and limit disability
  • Tertiary prevention - After permanent damage set in, Patient who can't cured, Treatment to prevent further disability and death, Used for training or special education