Paper 1

• Joints

  Where two or more bones meet. Important for movement and rotation
• Pivot Joints

  Allows rotation

  In your wrist, elbow and neck
• Hinge Joints

  Allows forward and backward motion

  In your knee, elbow and ankle
• Ball and Socket Joints

  Allows circumduction

  In your shoulder and hip joints
• Condyloid Joint

  Allows a circular motion

  In your wrist
• Ligament

  Elastic fibre connecting bone to bone
• Tendon

  Non-elastic fibre joining muscle to bone
• Voluntary Muscles

  Under your control so can choose to contract and relax them. Attached to the skeleton by tendons.
• Involuntary Muscles

  Not under your control so contract and relax automatically. Found in the digestive and circulatory systems.
• Cardiac Muscles

  Found in the wall of the heart to help blood pump around the body, also a type of involuntary muscle
• Antagonistic Pairs

  Muscles working together to create a movement
• Agonist

  Muscle that contracts and pulls
• Antagonist

  Muscle that relaxes and shortens
• Antagonistic Pairs

  Hamstrings - Quadriceps

  Biceps - Triceps

  Hip flexors - Gluteals

  Gastrocnemius - Tibialis anterior
• Functions of the CV system

  Transport oxygen, CO2 and nutrients

  Blood clotting

  Regulate body temperature
• Vasodilation

  Blood vessels get bigger and closer to the skin to enable heat to be lost
• Vasconstriction

  Blood vessels get smaller and further away from the skin to enable heat to be retained
• Aerobic Respiration

  Releasing energy for the muscles with oxygen. 60%-80% of maximum heart rate.
• Aerobic

  oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
• Anaerobic Respiration

  Releasing energy for the muscles without oxygen, leading to a waste product of lactic acid to build up. 80%-90% of maximum heart rate.
• Exercise - short term effects

  Increased heart rate

  Increased breathing rate

  Increased blood pressure

  Dehydration

  Muscle fatigue

  Increased CO2 production
• Exercise - long term effects

  Improved body composition

  Flexibility

  Increased bone strength/density

  Increased tendon thickness

  Increased muscle size
• Flexion

  Movement decreasing the angle between body parts (bending)
• Extension

  Movement increasing the angle between body parts (straightening)
• Dorsi-Flexion

  Flexing the toes upwards
• Plantar-Flexion

  Extending the toes down
• Adduction

  Movement of a body part toward the body's midline
• Abduction

  Movement of a body part away from the body's midline
• Rotation

  Action of rotating around an axis or centre
• Circumduction

  Moving in a circular shape, 360 degrees of movement.
• Type 1 - Slow twitch

  Work aerobically

  Good supply of myoglobin and oxygen

  Fatigue resistant
• Type 2A - Fast twitch

  Work anaerobically

  High speed and good strength
• Type 2B - Fast twitch

  Work anaerobically

  Tire very quickly

  Little to no myoglobin
• Arteries

  Carries blood away from the heart
• Veins

  Carries blood towards the heart
• Capillaries

  Diffuse substance into and out of muscles
• What transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?


  Pulmonary artery
• What transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?


  Pulmonary Vein
• What transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?


  Aorta
• What transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart?


  Vena cava