Transformation of graphs

• y = f(x) + c

  translation by vector (0,c)
• y = f(x+d)

  translation by vector (-d,0)
• y = pf(x)

  stretch parallel to the y -axis

  scale factor p
• y = f(qx)

  stretch parallel to the x -axis

  scale factor 1/q
• y = -f(x)

  reflection in the x -axis
• y= f(-x)

  reflection in the y -axis