NEW

• EATING DISORDER: the findings for the rates over the lifetime of people were similar to past studies. That is, the rates of AN, BN, and BED were 0.3%, 0.9%, and 1.6%, respectively. Regarding illness onset, the median ages for onset of AN, BN, and BED was about 12- to 13-years-old. Eating disorders among adolescents was often associated with functional impairment and suicidality. Most teenagers who had a diagnosis of AN, BN, and BED in the past 12 months reported significant impairment (97%, 78%, and 63%, respectively) (2011)
• Stigma - mental illnesses are not taken seriously; they are being used as adjectives.
• Depression


  A medical illness that affects how you feel, think and behave causing persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities. Depression can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. It is a chronic illness that usually requires long-term treatment. Depressed mood can be replaced by irritability
• Anhedonia


  Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
• DSM

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (book; "dictionary of a psychologist")
• Lethargy


  Loss of energy
• 50%-90% of people who commit suicide are at the peak of their depression
• Anxiety


  A feeling of intense, excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Often, anxiety disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks)
• Panic attacks


  Last for 10 minutes (shortening of breath, palpitation, etc)
• Suicide


  Taking one's own life-is a significant factor in all types of depression
• The risk of suicide is about 1 percent during the year in which a depressive episode occurs, but the lifetime risk for someone who has recurrent depressive episodes is about 15 percent (D. C. Clark, 1995; Stolberg et al., 2002)
• Eating Disorder


  Characterized by a severe disturbance in eating behavior. Having an intense fear of becoming overweight and fat and an accompanying pursuit of thinness. This pursuit is relentless and sometimes deadly
• Hormones, Emotions, and Behavior

  • Adolescents experience more mood swings and greater emotional intensity but how much of this can be attributed to sex hormones is unclear
  • Moods and emotions are complex biosocial phenomena involving thinking, feeling, and social expectations and experience
• Thought-mediated Behavior


  Function of the frontal lobes - ascribing meaning to events and enabling us to think about a situation before we act; commonly referred as "keeping a cool head"
• Limbic system and adrenal hormones

  More reactive: blood pressure and heart rate go up, the face flushes, muscles tense, and breathing quickens - "hot head"
• Testosterone, Dominance, and Aggression

  • Testosterone is secreted by the testes in males at almost 60 times the amount produced in the ovaries in females
  • Aggression-behavior intended to inflict harm
  • Social Dominance - behavior tended to elevate or maintain social status
• Mental Health


  • A state of emotional and psychological well-being in which an individual is able to use his/her cognitive and emotional capabilities, function in the society and meet the demands of everyday life
  • A state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (World Health Organization)
• Thinking, Feeling, Behavior


  • THINKING is the cognitive concept of mental health
  • FEELING is the emotional/sensory component of mental health
  • ACTION is the behavioral component of mental health
• Thoughts and Feelings


  • It is essential to recognize your thoughts/feelings and to determine if they are reasonable for the situation
  • It is important how you respond to your thoughts and feelings
  • Our thoughts produce feelings in us
  • It's important to understand where these feelings are coming from
• Actions


  • Thoughts and feelings result in actions
  • Develop internal moral principle
  • Individual begins to obey these above the law
  • Has a grounded principle and is proactive
  • High value is placed on justice, dignity, and equality
  • Behavior is directed by self-chosen ethical principles that tend to be general, comprehensive, or universal
• Thoughts and feelings


  Result in actions
• It is important how you respond to your thoughts and feelings
• Our thoughts produce feelings in us
• ACTION


  The behavioral component of mental health
• Challenges and issues in adolescence

  • Physical appearance
  • Identity development
  • Social cognition
  • Impulsivity and risk taking
  • Sexual behavior
  • Anti-social
• Imaginary Audience


  Others continuously watch and judge every move, verbalization and behavior
• Personal Fable


  A belief that one is highly special and is unlike anyone; believes that he/she is a distinct kind of human; invincible and cannot get hurt
• Psychological reason for impulsivity and risk taking

  Because of PERSONAL FABLE, one will please his/her social circle or object of admiration to be "cool"
• Physiological reason for impulsivity and risk taking

  ADRENALINE compliments the increased testosterone and estrogen for more strenuous activities
• Teenage pregnancy means having to sacrifice your ambitions, dreams, work, and even academic progress
• Anti-social


  • "Delinquent and Guiltless" individuals which means people regularly do illegal or immoral activities
  • A person who wants to inflict harm to other people
  • Avid manipulators
  • May be rooted from an impairment in personal, interpersonal, and family functioning
• Formal Operational stage (Piaget)


  • Egocentrism
  • Personal Fable: belief that one is unique and invulnerable
  • Imaginary Audience: belief that the world watches all of one's action
  • Hypothetical thinking (truth, justice, morality)
  • Scientific method (hypothetic-deductive reasoning)
• Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

  • Pre-Conventional (Punishment and Obedience, Individualism and Exchange)
  • Conventional (Interpersonal Relationship, Authority and Social Order)
  • Post-Conventional (Social Contract, Universal Ethical Principles)
• Punishment and Obedience


  • Actions are evaluated in terms of possible punishment, not goodness or badness
  • Obedience to power is emphasized. You behave in a way that avoids punishment.
  • Right and wrong is determined by what is punished
• Individualism and Exchange


  • Tit for tat mentality: retaliation
  • Interest of oneself
  • Moral thinking is based on rewards and self-interest.
  • What is right feels good and what is rewarding.
  • Concern for the need of others is largely a matter of "You scratch my back, I will scratch yours," not out of loyalty, gratitude, or justice.
  • Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded
• Interpersonal Relationship


  • "Good boy" or "Good girl" attitude
  • Sees individuals as filling social roles
  • Good behavior is that which pleases others in the immediate group or which brings approval
  • The person values trust, caring, and loyalty to others as the basis of moral judgments
• Authority and Social Order

  • Law and order as highest ideals
  • Social obedience is a must to maintaining a functional society
  • Moral judgments are based on understanding and the social order, law, justice, and duty
• Social Contract


  • Begin to learn others have different values
  • Realization that law is contingent on culture
  • Knows that he has his own value but is not proactive
  • Person recognizes that laws are important for society but knows that laws can be changed
  • The person believes that some values, such as freedom, are more important than the law.
  • Support of laws and rules is based on rational analysis and mutual agreement, rules are recognized as open to question but are upheld for the good of the community and in the name of the democratic values
• Universal Ethical Principles


  • Moral judgments are based on self-chosen ethical principles that are comprehensive and consistent
  • The person believes certain universal principles, such as justice, human dignity, and equality, should be upheld regardless of the law
• Generativity vs Stagnation


  • Generativity: having a strong sense of creativity, success, and of having "made a mark" and is concerned with the next generation
  • Stagnation: self-absorbed, feel little connection to others, and generally offer little to society