Ch 16 Blood

• Label this?

  A) Plasma

  B) buffy coat

  C) Hematocrit

  
• Label type of blood?

  1 2 3

  A) Normal blood

  B) Polycythemia

  C) Anemia

  
• What is the difference between these 2 shades of red blood?

  The bright red hue of oxygenated blood is shown on the left while the deeper red hue of deoxygenated blood is shown on the right.

  
• Plasma

  46-63 %

  Water

  92 %

  Fluid

  Absorbed by intestinal tract or produced by metabolism

  Transport medium
• Plasma 46-63%

  Plasma proteins

  7 percent

  Albumin

  54-60 percent

  Liver

  Maintain osmotic concentration, transport lipid molecules
• Globulins

  35-38 percent

  Alpha globulins

  Liver

  Transport, maintain osmotic concentration
• Fibrinogen

  4-7 percent

  Liver

  Blood clotting in hemostasis
• Regulatory proteins

  <1 percent

  Hormones and enzymes

  Various sources

  Regulate various body functions
• Other solutes

  1 %

  Nutrients, gases, and wastes

  Absorbed by intestinal tract, exchanged in respiratory system, or produced by cells

  Numerous and varied
• Formed Elements

  37-54 %

  Erythrocytes

  99 %

  Erythrocytes

  Red bone marrow

  Transports gases, primarily oxygen and some carbon dioxide
• Leukocytes

  <1 %

  Granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

  Red bone marrow

  Nonspecific immune responses
• Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

  Lymphocytes: red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

  Specific immune responses
• Monocytes: red bone marrow

  Nonspecific immune responses
• Monocytes: red bone marrow

  Nonspecific immune responses
• Platelets

  <1 %

  Platelets

  Megakaryocytes: red bone marrow

  Hemostasis
• Formed elements visible in blood sample

  red blood cells

  A) Monocyte

  B) Lymphocyte

  C) basophil

  D) platelets

  E) esinophil

  F) erthryocyte

  G) neutrophil

  
• Shape of erythrocytes?

  Erythrocytes are biconcave discs with very shallow centers. This shape optimizes the ratio of surface area to volume, facilitating gas exchange. It also enables them to fold up as they move through narrow blood vessels.
• Erythrocyte Lifecycle


  1. Hemopoiesis of erythrocytes begins in the hemopoietic bone marrow

  2. Erythroblasts are derived from stem cells

  3. Erythroblasts differentiate into reticulocytes

  4. Reticulocytes are released into the bloodstream

  5. Reticulocytes mature into erythrocytes

  6. Erythrocytes circulate for an average of 120 days

  7. Old and damaged erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

  8. Globin (protein) portion of hemoglobin is metabolized into amino acids

  9. Amino acids are reused for protein synthesis

  10. Lysosomes in the macrophage recycle the other cell components

  11. Heme portion is broken down into biliverdin for transport in the blood

  12. Iron ions bind to the protein transferrin for transport

  13. Unused heme groups can be recycled and used in hemopoiesis

  14. Unused heme groups can be converted into bilirubin and used to make bile in the liver

  15. Iron ions can be transferred to the protein ferritin for storage in the liver
• Cause of Sickle cell anemia?

  Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in one of the hemoglobin genes. Erythrocytes produce an abnormal type of hemoglobin, which causes the cell to take on a sickle or crescent shape.