moral development

• Social learning theory


  -Imitating

  -Shape behaviour and social learning by rewards/punishments

  -Parents influence
• Problems with social learning theory

  -Children can be more moral than parents

  
  

  -Children learn morals from other sources
• Main theorist involved in social learning theory

  Bandura
• Main theorist involved in cognitive learning of morals

  -Jean Piaget

  -Lawrence Kohlberg
• Piaget and Kohlberg agree that

  -Reasoning of moral dilemmas the focus not the outcome
• Piaget's stages of moral development and ages they occur

  -Heteronomous morality stage (4-8)

  -Autonomous morality stage (8+)
• Heteronomous morality stage (Piaget)

  -Focus on rules or laws

  -Rules have innate authority

  -Rules not negotiable

  -Rules don't serve a purpose

  -Outcome focused

  -Motivated by fear of punishment
• Autonomous morality stage (Piaget)

  -Laws relative

  -Laws socially constructed

  -Rules are negotiable

  -Rules do serve a purpose

  -Intention focused

  -Not motivated by fear of punishment

  -Internalised sense of morality
• Kohlberg developed three levels of morality

  -Preconventional Morality

  -Conventional Morality

  -Postconventional Morality
• Name all 6 of Kohlberg's subcategories of morality

  1. Punishment orientation

  2. Self interest

  3. Social perspective

  4. Authority and social order

  5. Social contact orientation

  6. Universal ethical principles
• Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality: Two stages and what age

  1. Punishment orientation

  2. Self interest

  
  

  -Progress through both by age 9
• Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality: Stage 1: Punishment orientation


  -Individual perspective

  -Egocentric

  -Concrete tangibles
• Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality: Stage 2: Self interest


  -Individual perspective

  -Egocentric

  -Fairness
• Kohlberg's Conventional Morality: Two stages and what age

  3. Social perspective

  4. Authority and social order

  
  

  Between adolescence and adulthood
• Kohlberg's Conventional Morality: Stage 3: Social perspective


  -Social and interpersonal perspective

  -Perspective of contributing member of society.
• Kohlberg's Conventional Morality: Stage 4: Authority and social order


  -Reasoning re interpersonal orientations

  -Reasoning about society as a whole

  -Common rights people have

  -Societal expectations of possession

  -Principles dictate behaviours.
• Kohlberg's three levels of morality

  -Pass at any age

  -Sequential

  -Linear
• Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Two stages

  5. Social contact orientation

  6. Universal ethical principles
• Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Stages 5 and 6 commonalities


  -Appliable for minority of adults

  -Universal kinds of morals

  -Applicable regardless of culture

  -Prior-to-society perspective
• Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Stage 5: Social contact orientation


  -Free individual as long as it does not infringe upon others rights

  
  

  -Basic fundamental human right
• Kohlberg's Postconventional Morality: Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

  -Mother Theresa.

  -Personal conscience.
• Limitations with what Kohlberg's experiment


  -Only tested boys and men in his task.
• In modern approaches to how we think about moral reasoning people have examined:

  -Specific domains of reasoning within moral reasoning

  
  

  -Role of parents
• Carol Gilligan's view on morality


  -Repeated Kohlberg's study

  -Challenged his theory

  -Tested men and women

  -Kohlberg overestimated importance of progressing through the stages

  -There are different kinds of moral reasoning that vary across people
• What did Carol Gilligan find in women compared to men

  -Women: stage three

  -Men: stage four

  -Women: Cooperative orientation

  -Men: Justice orientation
• Moral rules pertain to our concepts of:

  -Harm and welfare

  -Fairness

  -Universal
• Social conventional rules


  -Social order

  -Organisation

  -Subjective

  -Arbitrary

  -Doesn't directly reflect our principles
• Baumrind's axes of parenting style

  -Indulgent parents

  -Authoritative parents

  -Neglectful parents

  -Authoritarian parents
• Low control and low sensitivity


  Neglectful parents
• Low level of control and high sensitivity


  Indulgent
• High level of control and low sensitivity

  Authoritarian parents
• High level of control and High level of sensitivity

  Authoritative parents
• Authoritarian parents


  -Punishment and reward orientation

  -Thus children also have this
• Indulgent and neglectful parents

  -lack social responsibility

  -Parents don't correct child's actions

  -Children don't contribute to groups or partners

  -Problems with authority
• Authoritative parents


  -Socially responsible

  -Altruistic
• Why do authoritarian parents have children less moral reasoning compared to authoritative parents

  -Authoritative: Correction, control, sensitivity, understanding

  
  

  -Authoritarian: Punishment, control, no sensitivity, no understanding
• Cultural difference between Western and Eastern with morals

  Western: Authoritative parents

  Eastern: Authoritarian parents
• imagine that you step into an elevator with 4 other people. Usually people in crowded elevators stand facing the front, where the doors open and close. When would you be most likely to face the wrong way (looking at the back wall, away from the doors?

  When three other people in the elevator face the wrong way
• Milgram’s studies on obedience show us what


  All the above are possible take-home messages from the Milgram experiments
• When one child tries to change the rules to a game of marbles, the child she is playing with gets very upset, shouting, 'You are not allowed to break the rules!' This child is probably at Kohlberg's ______________ level of moral development.

  pre-conventional