For Midterm Examination 2.0

• Ethics


  It is about matters such as the good thing that we should pursue, and the bad thing we should avoid.
• Ethics


  The right ways in which we could or should act and the wrong ways of acting.
• Ethics


  Discipline of studying and understanding ideal human behavior and ideal ways of thinking.
• Kinds of Valuation

  1. Aesthetics
  2. Etiquette
  3. Technique/Technical/Technical Valuation
• Aesthetic


  Derived from the Greek word “aiesthesis” meaning “sense” or “feeling”.
• Technique/Technical/Technical Valuation


  Right and wrong technique of doing things.
• Morals


  Refer to specific beliefs or attitudes that people have or to describe acts that people perform.
• Morals


  Is sometimes said that an individual’s personal conduct.
• Timmoral


  If he falls short from behaving properly, this can be described as
• Ethics vs Moral


  Writers and thinkers were not able to arrive to a consensus on how to make a distinction.
• Study of Ethics

  1. Descriptive Study
  2. Normative Study
• Descriptive Study


  Reports how people, particularly groups, make their moral valuations without making judgment either or against these valuations.
• Descriptive Study


  Often the work of social scientist: Historian, Sociologist or Anthropologist.
• Normative Study


  Often done in Philosophy or Moral Theology and it engages the question: What could or should be considered as the right way of acting?
• Normative Study


  Prescribes what we ought to maintain as our standards or bases for moral valuation.
• SITUATIONS THAT CALLS FOR MORAL VALUATION

  1. Moral Issue
  2. Moral Decision
  3. Moral Judgment
  4. Moral Dilemma
• Moral Issue


  Often used to refer to those particular situations that are often the source of considerable and inconclusive debate.
• Moral Dilemma


  When an individual can choose only one from a number of possible actions, and there are compelling ethical reasons for the various choices.
• BEYOND REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS, it is possible for our moral valuation-our decisions and judgments-to be based on a PRINCIPLE.
• It might bring us to no more than a superficial discussion of rewards and punishments, but it could lead us to another level of thinking.
• Principles


  Rationally established grounds which one justifies and maintains her moral decisions and judgments.
• Moral Theory


  A systematic attempt to establish the validity of maintaining certain moral principles.
• Framework


  As a theory of interconnected ideas, and at the same time, a structure through which we can evaluate our reasons for valuing a certain decision or judgment.
• Essence of Frameworks


  It can make us reflect on the principles that we maintain and thus, the decisions and judgments we make.
• Sources of Authority

  1. Law
  2. Religion
  3. Culture
• Law (Positive law)


  Refers to different rules and regulations that are posited or put forward by an authority that require compliance.
• Ethics


  It is about what is acceptable and unacceptable in human behavior.
• Ethics


  It may involve obligations that we are expected to fulfill, prohibitions that we are required to respect, or ideals that we are encouraged to meet.
• Aesthetic


  Refers to the judgments of personal approval or disapproval that we make about what we see, hear, smell, or taste.
• Etiquette


  A customary code which indicates the proper and polite way to behave in society.
• Technique/Technical/Technical Valuation


  Refer to a proper way of doing things.
• Etiquette 


  Concerned with right and wrong actions.
• Moral Decision


  When one is placed in a situation and confronted by the choice of what act to perform.
• Essence of Frameworks


  By studying frameworks, we can reconsider, clarify, modify, and ultimately strengthen our principles, thereby informing better both our moral judgments and moral decisions.
• Moral Judgment


  When a person is an observer who makes an assessment on the actions or behavior of someone.
• Moral Theory


  Insofar as a theory is a system of thought or of ideas, it can also be referred to as a framework.
• Law


  It does not tell us what we should do; it works by constraining us from performing acts that we should not do.
• Law


  Cannot tell us what to pursue, only what to avoid.
• Law


  There are certain ways of acting which are not forbidden, but essentially questionable to us.
• Religion 


  Love the Lord, Your God, therefore, and always heed his charge: his statutes, decrees, and commandments.” – Chapter 11 of the book of Deuteronomy.