MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY - FINAL EXAM

• Indigenous Knowledge (IK)


  An unconventional source of information, also known as local knowledge
• Indigenous Knowledge (IK)


  The knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society, may contrast with the international knowledge system generated by universities, research institutions and private firms
• Muyongs


  • Ifugao's traditional land-use zoning system
• Indigenous Media (IM)


  Owned, controlled and managed by indigenous peoples in order for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in the languages understood by the community by utilizing indigenous materials and resources, reflecting community needs and interests, visions and aspirations, and independent from vested interest groups
• Indigenous Media's characteristics

  • Oral tradition of communication
  • Store information in memories
  • Information exchange is face-to-face
  • Information are contain within the border of the community
• Library


  A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale, existed because of the birth of the printing press, expected to select and provide content that are easy to access
• Library's main role


  To organize and provide access to information, labelled as "steward of good information", no longer static or limited to purely collecting physical materials for archiving, but has extended to acquiring new modes of providing information such as the use of digital sources and facilities that utilize media
• Types of Library

  • Academic Library
  • Public Library
  • School Library
  • Special Library
• Internet


  A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols
• Unlike similar information found in newspapers or television broadcasts, information available on the Internet is not regulated for quality or accuracy; therefore, it is particularly important for the individual Internet user to evaluate the resource or information
• Almost anyone can publish anything they wish on the Web, it is often difficult to determine authorship of Web sources, and even if the author is listed, he or she may not always represent him or herself honestly, or he or she may represent opinions as fact
• How to evaluate information found on the Internet

  • Authorship - It is critical to relate the ideas you find at a site to a particular author, organization, or business. In this way, there is a degree of accountability for any of the ideas expressed.
  • Publishing body - you need to have some idea whether the group claiming responsibility for the information on the Web site is legitimate.
• Skills in determining the reliability of information

  • Check the Author
  • Check the Date of Publication or of update
  • Check for Citations
  • Check the Domain or owner of the site/page
• Skills in determining the accurate information

  • Look for facts
  • Cross-reference with other source for consistency
  • Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information
  • Check for advertising
• Reliability of information


  Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated, others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of information
• Accuracy of information


  Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data, measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of information being evaluated, forecasts are said to be accurate if the report is similar to the actual data
• Value of information


  Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or improving decision
• Authority of the source


  Much of the information we gather daily do not come from a primary source but are passed on through secondary sources such as writers, reporters, and the like, sources with an established expertise on the subject matter are considered as having sound authority on the subject
• Timeliness


  Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced or acquired, while a piece of information may have been found accurate, reliable, and valuable during the time it was produced, it may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of time (thus making it less valuable)
• • Accuracy and Verifiability - A source of information is known to be scholarly when it provides references to the information presented. In this way, the reader can confirm whether the information is accurate or the author's conclusions reasonable.
  • Currency - Some information is very time sensitive. a site should always provide some indication of when the information was created or the site was last updated.
• Codes


  System of signs that when put together create meaning
• Types of Codes

  • Technical Codes
  • Symbolic Codes
  • Written Codes
• Technical Codes


  The way in which equipment is used to tell the story (camera techniques, framing, depth of fields, lighting and etc.)
• Symbolic Codes


  Shows what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc.)
• Written Codes


  The formal written language used in a media product (printed language within the frame and spoken language like dialogue and song lyrics)
• Conventions


  The accepted ways of using media codes, closely connected to audience expectations
• Types of Conventions

  • Form Conventions
  • Story Conventions
  • Genre Conventions
• Form Conventions


  The certain ways we expect types of media's codes to be arranged (e.g. title at beginning, credits at end, newspaper layout)
• Story Conventions


  Common narrative structures and understandings in storytelling media (e.g. narrative structures, cause and effect, character construction, point of view)
• Genre Conventions


  The common use of tropes, characters, settings or themes in a particular type of medium, closely linked with audience expectations
• All media messages are constructed using a particular set of codes and conventions
• Genre


  A French word meaning "Kind" or "Class", originally from the Latin "genus" meaning class of things that can be broken down into subcategories, tends to be understood to constitute particular conventions of contents and following a distinctive style in form and presentation
• Primary media genres

  • Entertainment
  • News
  • Information
  • Education
  • Advertising
• News


  Stories that have critical importance to community and national life, told following the basic structure of beginning, middle and end, reported by journalists who are expected to be objective, comprehensive and bias-free
• Major divisions for news stories

  • Hard or straight news
  • Feature
  • Soft News
  • Investigative News
  • Opinion
• Entertainment


  Derived from the French "entretenir" meaning "to hold the attention, keep busy, or amused"
• Entertainment sub-categories

  • Action movies
  • Adventure movies
  • Comedy Films
  • Drama
  • Horror film
  • Romance Movies
  • Thriller movies
  • War/Conflict Movies
• Action movies


  Require stunts, set pieces, explosions, guns, and karate, usually about a clear hero and a clear villain, with huge stakes like saving the world, bombastic and fast-paced
• Adventure movies


  Usually built around a quest, taking place in faraway lands or jungles, can be period pieces or contemporary
• Comedy films


  Usually written with a few laughs a scene, with smaller or interpersonal stakes, can vary in darkness and how they deal with life and death, tend to be shorter films, spoofs and have broader casts