III - 4TH QUARTER

• Research Design


  • Describes whether your study is qualitative or quantitative
  • Makes use of first person/textual/discursive in nature
  • Makes use of third person - past tense/researcher is not the one who determines the variables, but it is the subject itself
• Qualitative Research


  • A systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
  • To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and complexity inherent in the phenomenon
• Qualitative Research Methods


  • Ethnography
  • Narrative
  • Phenomenological
  • Case Study
• Quantitative Research


  • An objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques
  • Highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation
• Quantitative Research Methods


  • Survey Research
  • Correlational Research
  • Causal-comparative Research
  • Experimental Research
• To come up with the chosen design whether quantitative or qualitative research

  Think of which best suits the given title or topic to explore the collective ideas and picture out to reveal better understanding
• Population


  Refers to a total number of people who serve as subjects or respondents of the study
• Sampling Procedure


  A method in identifying part of the respondents of the study
• Statistics


  A branch of mathematics that deals with the analysis and interpretation of numerical data in terms of samples and populations
• Research is a systematic way of collecting data
• Research design refers to the place where you are going to conduct your study
• Respondents are the people involved in the study
• Sampling is part of the research procedure
• Sampling procedure is how you are going to gather your data
• Data analysis


  A way of simplifying numerous and wordy data to a meaningful story and interpreting it to arrive at an insight to behold. It is a process of converting a multitude of data into a smaller group of sensible data.
• Data analysis process


  1. Organize data

  2. Summarize and categorize data

  3. Find patterns and themes to identify and link ideas

  4. Analyze data from start to finish
• Data analysis is very tasking and time-consuming, especially for beginner researchers. However, the end result will fascinate anyone as it will bring about clear, well-structured, and meaningful data.
• Why do we need to analyze data in research?

  To tell a story about a problem solved, as large-scale data might be too boring for the spectators. Well-analyzed data will reveal patterns that may be interesting and worth exploring. Organized and analyzed data can guide the researcher to find patterns and provide shape and beauty to the story they want to tell.
• Types of data analysis

  • Qualitative data analysis (involves texts, phrases, images, objects, and sometimes symbols)
  • Quantitative data analysis (involves numbers and statistics)
• Qualitative data analysis


  Involves texts, phrases, images, objects, and sometimes symbols
• Quantitative data analysis


  Involves numbers and statistics. It deals with basic calculations including average and median to more sophisticated analyzes like correlations and regressions.
• Descriptive statistics


  Gives details on your specific data set
• Inferential statistics


  Aim to make inferences about the population. It makes predictions between groups and relationships between variables.
• Common Inferential Methods


  • T-Tests
  • ANOVA
  • Correlation Analysis
  • Regression Analysis
• Interpreting data

  1. Comparison and contrast of the data

  2. Implication to the study

  3. Connection with review of related literature
• Teenagers raised in a culture where parents are really afraid to broach the topic to their kids are at risk of early pregnancy. Many teens worry about what their families will say when they find out that they are pregnant, so they avoid telling their parents or someone else who might be able to help them find support.
• Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

  1. Reporting Findings

  2. Drawing Conclusions

  3. Making Recommendations
• Data analysis differs from the type of data collected as well as the type of research conducted, hence, qualitative and quantitative research follows different data analysis procedures
• Qualitative data analysis procedures


  • Content analysis
  • Discourse analysis
  • Grounded theory
  • Narrative analysis
  • Thematic analysis
• Quantitative research data is commonly analyzed with the appropriate statistical tools design for your study
• Conclusion


  The inclusive summary of findings of the research study
• Characteristics of a good research conclusion

  • Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretations, general statements, and/or generalizations based upon the finding
  • Conclusions should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at the beginning of the investigation in the order that they are given under the statement of the problem
  • Conclusions should point out what was factually learned from the inquiry
  • Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet they convey all the necessary information resulting from the investigation
• Strategies for writing a good conclusion

  1. Briefly discuss or reecho your Introduction

  2. Put a final impression on your readers by giving them a hint of the application of your research towards their daily life

  3. Get more good impressions by concluding the importance of the study towards society

  4. Leaving a question to the readers which could be an avenue for gaining a new perspective
• Recommendation


  The section where you can give suggestions on the matters relative to your research that must be improved
• Characteristics of good research recommendations

  • Recommendations must be brief
  • Recommendations should be clear
  • Recommendations must be precise
• Guidelines for writing good research recommendations

  1. Avoid writing broad and generic recommendations

  2. Avoid recommendations that are directly related to the topic of the research

  3. Recommendations must be specified according to the areas of concern (i.e., academe, policymakers, etc.)
• Research report


  A written document that discusses a certain issue or topic and holds all the information about a research study from its introduction down to the recommendations
• Characteristics of a good research report

  • Decide on what are the sections that must be included (findings, discussion, introduction, methodology, conclusion, and recommendations)
  • Write the report clearly and concisely
  • Carefully and accurately cite references
  • Edit and proofread the report multiple times
• Parts of a research report

  • Introduction
  • Review of Related Literature
  • Methodology
  • Results and Discussion
  • Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
• The ultimate goal of evaluating a research paper is to secure its quality