soc stud

• The Administration of Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (1965 – 1986)


  • President Marcos called for a new kind of governance and outlined the following objectives:
  • Self-sufficiency in the production of rice and the diversification of crops
  • Implementation of the land reform program
  • Intensification of community development programs
• Presidential Arm on Community Development (PACD)


  To initiate development projects at the barrio level without going through the Barrio and Municipal governments
• International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

  Helps in developing high-yielding and cost-reducing technologies so farmers can produce enough rice for all Filipinos
• Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines (CDCP)


  Established to undertake major construction projects, particularly infrastructure development, to support the country's economic growth and development goals
• The Philippines was an ally to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War providing humanitarian aid
• Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG) was primarily involved in rebuilding roads and providing humanitarian aid, and were occasionally involved in defensive operations
• "Many Flags" Campaign encouraged democratic countries to help South Vietnam
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

  • To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development
  • To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law
• The Philippine election of 1969 was described by NewsWeek and Time magazines as the dirtiest, most violent, and most corrupt election, that gave rise to the term "Three Gs," for guns, goons, and gold
• Martial Law


  • The Declaration of Martial Law was on September 23, 1972
  • President Marcos issued Proclamation 1081, putting the entire country under martial law
• 1935 Constitution Article VII Section 10


  In case of invasion, insurrection, or rebellion or imminent danger thereof, when the public safety requires it, (the President) may suspend the privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof Martial Law
• Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus

  Under martial law, a person charged with rebellion or invasion may be arrested and detained without a court ordered warrant
• 1973 Constitution


  • In 1970, President Marcos made an initiative to change the 1935 Constitution and called for a constitutional convention
  • A new constitution was ratified on January 17, 1973
  • The form of government was changed from presidential to parliamentary
• Presidential Government


  • A head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch
  • The President is both the Chief Executive and the Head of State
  • Powers of the President are usually balanced (or shared) with those of the legislature
  • The President is elected independently by the people, not by the legislature
• Parliamentary Government


  • The political party wins the most seats in the legislature or parliament during federal election forms the government
  • Head of State and Chief Executive are two separate offices. Head of State is either a President or a Monarch. Chief Executive is often called a Prime Minister
  • Head of State is usually a ceremonial role, while the Prime Minister runs the government
  • Prime Minister is not elected, but is usually chosen by the party with the most seats in the legislature, or is sometimes appointed by the President
• Through radio and television, President Marcos declared that the entire Philippines was under Martial Law on September 23, 1972
• Positive Effects of Martial Law

  • The supply of rice in the country became sufficient
  • The infrastructure in the country develops
  • The agriculture and other livelihood industries flourished
  • The Philippines expanded its international relations
  • Establishment of public schools and hospitals
• Negative Effects of Martial Law

  • Closing of radio stations, news papers, and television stations
  • Halting the operation of public utilities and vital industries
  • Violation of human rights
  • Torture and killing of anyone who opposes the government
• Mass Arrests


  Governments under martial law often conduct mass arrests of individuals perceived as threats or dissenters, often without proper judicial process or evidence
• Torture and III-Treatment


  Detainees under martial law may be subjected to torture, cruel, or inhumane treatment by authorities, often to extract information or confessions
• Restricted Movement and Curfews


  Martial law often imposes strict restrictions on movement, including curfews and checkpoints, limiting people's freedom to travel and assemble
• Forced Disappearances


  • Some of those abducted during martial law period disappeared and were never found, called desaparecidos
  • Martial law regimes may employ enforced disappearances as a tactic to intimidate opposition, where individuals are abducted by state agents and held in secret detention without any legal acknowledgement
• In February 2013, Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act (Republic Act No. 10368) was passed to provide recognition and compensation to the victims of martial law period
• January 17, 1981, President Marcos officially lifted martial law through Proclamation No. 2045
• Problems of the Fourth Republic


  • Abuses committed by the police
  • Protest by the Philippines Constabulary
  • The NPA expanded its influence
  • Philippines' external debt
  • Corruption
• August 21, 1983, Ninoy Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport (now Ninoy Aquino International Airport), which was later renamed in his honor
• The 1986 Snap Presidential Election in the Philippines was a pivotal moment in the country's history. It was called a "snap" election because it was announced earlier than scheduled due to mounting pressure on then-President Ferdinand Marcos to address allegations of corruption and human rights abuses during his regime
• President Marcos officially lifted martial law through Proclamation No. 2045


  January 17, 1981
• Problems of the Fourth Republic


  • Abuses committed by the police
  • Protest by the Philippines Constabulary
  • The NPA expanded its influence
  • Philippines' external debt
  • Corruption
• Ninoy Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport (now Ninoy Aquino International Airport), which was later renamed in his honor


  August 21, 1983
• 1986 Snap Presidential Election


  It was called a "snap" election because it was announced earlier than scheduled due to mounting pressure on then-President Ferdinand Marcos to address allegations of corruption and human rights abuses during his regime
• EDSA People Power Revolution

  Also known as the Yellow Revolution, it became a significant event in the history of the Philippines, taking place from February 22 to 25, 1986, showing the power of the people when they come together for what they believe in, leading to democracy where people can vote their leaders freely
• Corazon Aquino took her oath as the new president of the Philippines, while Marcos also took his oath on the same day

  February 25, 1986
• Contributions of Corazon Aquino (Mother of Democracy)


  • Re-organization in the government where she dismissed the leaders appointed by Marcos
  • Ratification of the 1987 Constitution
  • Release of the political prisoners who were arrested and detained by the Marcos government
  • Restoration of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and Filipinos also deeply felt their rights
  • Restoration of the freedom of speech
  • Restoration of the right to vote for Filipinos
  • Implementation of trade liberalization and housing project
• Trade Liberalization under Corazon Aquino

  • Tariff Reduction - reduced tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade, making it easier for foreign goods to enter the Philippine market
  • Deregulation - Aquino also implemented deregulation policies aimed at reducing government intervention in the economy and promoting competition
  • Foreign Investment - In addition to liberalizing trade, Aquino sought to attract foreign investment to stimulate economic growth
• Housing Projects under Corazon Aquino

  • Community-Based Housing - This approach aimed to empower residents and foster a sense of ownership and responsibility
  • Public-Private Partnerships: To expedite housing projects and leverage resources. This involved collaborations with developers and financial institutions to fund and build housing units
  • Land Reform: Land redistribution aimed to provide land to landless farmers and address rural poverty, which was often linked to inadequate housing
• Strengthening the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988
• Presidential Commission on Good Government
• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
• Contributions of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo


  • Free education
  • Out-of-school youth and livelihood program
  • Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization act of 1997
  • Self-Employment Assistance-Kaunlaran