chapter 1

• Domestic tourists


  Tourists who travel within their own country
• International tourists


  Tourists who travel abroad to another country
• System (in geography)


  • Comprises several components that work together to achieve a purpose
  • Components are interconnected and affect and are affected by each other
• Limited or inconvenient transit routes


  Volume of travel between regions might be low
• More transit routes available


  Volume of travel might increase
• Convenient or attractive transit routes available


  Direction of travel might change as tourists choose to travel via the transit route instead of travelling directly to the destination region
• Push factors


  • Cause a tourist to want to leave the generating region
  • May be caused by the environment in the generating region
  • May include stressful work environments, unpleasant living environments, lack of recreational and entertainment options
• Pull factors


  • Qualities in tourist destination regions that attract tourists
  • May include places of scenic beauty, special events, attractions, facilities and amenities that provide positive experiences
• Tourists, businesses, and organisations in tourist generating and destination regions are mutually dependent
• Tourism activities


  Can interact with nature, communities and economies in the local environment in positive or negative ways
• In 2020, tourism contributed more than US$4 trillion to the global economy
• Tourism contributes to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions and thereby contributes to climate change and its impacts on environments globally
• Changes in nature, communities and economies within the environment

  Can affect the tourism system
• Events occurring in tourist generating regions

  May affect the desire to travel among potential tourists, influencing the number of tourists travelling through transit routes and arriving at tourist destination regions
• Economic downturn in a tourist generating region

  May result in the loss of income or jobs, reducing the number of tourists
• How an increase in the motivation to travel leads to the growth of tourism

  1. Motivation to travel refers to a set of needs that can be satisfied by travelling

  2. Needs are created by a combination of push and pull factors at tourist generating and destination regions respectively

  3. Needs include:

  4. Need for relaxation

  5. Need to discover unique travel experiences

  6. Need to achieve personal growth

  7. Need to reach one's full potential
• Travelling as a way to rest and rejuvenate


  People travel to different destinations and engage in different tourist activities to relax
• Reasons for visiting Phuket, Thailand

  • To rest and relax
• Recreational activities like visiting theme parks


  Provide a different routine from daily lives and enable escape from stress and worries
• Universal Studios Singapore


  • Features rides, shows and attractions, immersing visitors in a completely different setting from their usual lives
• In 2019, Universal Studios Singapore welcomed 18 million visitors
• Unique travel experiences


  Satisfy curiosity about the world, explore different environments and cultures that are not widely known, participate in special or uncommon tourism activities
• Social media


  Contributed to an increasing interest in unique travel experiences, especially among younger travellers
• Globalisation


  Transport networks are connecting remote places to major cities, making them more accessible
• Tourism in Antarctica has increased significantly in the last two decades
• Travelling for self-growth and to achieve fullest potential


  Allows learning something new or improving existing knowledge and skills, pick up new skills, learn about faiths and grow spiritually, participate in challenging or adventurous activities
• Cooking schools in Bali


  • Cater to tourists' desire to learn more about Balinese cuisine
• Pilgrimage tourism to Mecca, Saudi Arabia

  • More than two million Muslims travel to perform a series of rituals to grow spiritually
• Climbing Mount Everest


  • Tourists are motivated by the desire to challenge themselves and achieve their fullest potential
• Ability to travel


  Conditions that allow an individual to make trips
• Conditions that allow travel

  • Increase in disposable income
  • Increase in leisure time
  • Business innovations in the tourism-related industry
  • Lower transport costs
  • Lower accommodation costs
• Disposable income


  Income available for spending after paying taxes
• After World War II, economic development led to an increase in disposable incomes in North America, Western Europe and Japan, leading to a growth in tourism
• In China and India, rapid economic growth since the 1990s has created a fast-growing middle class with increased disposable income to spend on travelling, creating a large demand for tourism
• Leisure time


  Time when people are free from work responsibilities, in the form of increased paid leave, more public holidays and shorter working weeks
• In 2015, the Chinese government encouraged employers to give workers half a day of paid leave on Fridays during the summer months to help boost domestic tourism
• Business innovations in the tourism-related industry

  Provide value-for-money experiences, and reduced transport and accommodation costs
• Thomas Cook


  • Invented tour packages during the Industrial Revolution, bringing tourism to the masses
• Websites like Expedia and Trivago


  • Provide more personalised and value-for-money travel experiences, offer promotional prices for transport and accommodation
• Airbnb


  • Offers cheaper accommodation by connecting people who want to rent out their homes to tourists