Science🌍

• Electroplating is the coating of one metal with another
• Electroplating helps to ,prevent corrosion and decorate things
• The electronic configuration of sodium is ,2,8,1
• Formula for sugar/glucose is C6H12O6
• Formula for ethanol is C2H5OH
• Covalent bonds refers to the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms .
• Allotrope:A form of an element that has the same chemical property but diffrent physical property
• Ionic bonding occurs when one atom loses or gains electron(s) to become charged.
• Metals are good conductors because they have delocalised electrons which can move around freely within their structure.
• Non-metal oxides are acidic as they release hydrogen ions into water solutions.
• Diamond is made up of carbon atoms arranged into tetrahedron structures with strong covalent bonds.
• Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract shared pairs of electrons towards itself within a covalent bond.
• Graphite is made up of layers of hexagonal rings of carbon atoms held together by weak van der Waals forces.
• The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is on a logarithmic scale from 0 - 14.
• Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) into water solutions while bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) into water solutions.
• Stronger acids produce more H+ ions than weaker ones.
• Bases neutralize acids when added to them, forming salt and water.
• Metalloids have properties between metals and non-metals, such as being good conductors but not malleable like metals.
• Acid strength increases down group 6 due to increased electron density.
• Stronger acids produce more H+ ions than weaker ones when dissolved in water.
• A neutral substance has a pH value of 7, while acids have values below 7 and bases above 7.
• Group 7 elements (halogens) form diatomic molecules that contain polar covalent bonds.
• Elements in group 1 (alkali metals) have low melting points due to weak intermolecular forces between particles.
• Reactivity decreases across the periodic table due to increasing atomic size and shielding effects.
• Reactivity decreases across the periodic table due to increasing atomic radius and shielding effect.
• Reactivity decreases across a period due to increasing atomic radius and shielding effect of inner shells.
• Alkaline earth metals are less reactive than alkali metals and can be extracted from their ores by electrolysis or reduction using carbon.
• Elements of group 7 are called Salt formers
• When an Acid reacts with a metal it liberates hydrogen gas
• Elements of group 8 are known as stable elements because they do not give neither do they receive electrons
• The first family of the alkane series is Methane (CH4)
• The alk family have triple bonds
• Ammonium has a valency of +1
• Crude oil can only be separated using a separating technique called fractional distillation
• Sulphur can only be extracted using the Franch process
• Pure iron is obtained from iron ore through reduction with carbon monoxide at high temperatures
• Variation can be defined as the difference in individuals in a population
• Mendeléev is the founder of the periodic table of elements
• The periodic table was founded in the year 1869
• Group 6 elements are called the oxygen family