MICP FINALS

• symbiosis - a relationship where unlike organism exist together
• commensalism -one species benefit from the other without harming or benefitting the other
• commensalism -the relationship between the human body and most of the normal flora in the body exemplifies this type of relationship
• mutualism -two organism mutually benefit from each other
• Parasitism -one partly (symbiont) which is called parasite benefits to the detriment of the other (host)
• parasites -organisms the usually depend on the host to live or for survival
• ectoparasites -parasites that live outside the host's body such as fleas and lice
• infestation -invasion of the body by ectoparasites
• endoparasites -parasites that live inside the body of the host
• endoparasites -examples are helminths, and worms
• infection -invasion of the body by endoparasites
• facultative parasites -parasites that can live independently of the host and they don not have to live inside a host to complete their life cycle
• Obligate parasites -parasites that must live inside a host, they are type of parasite that majority infect human.
• obligate parasites -examples are plasmodium Leishmania, hookworms
• permanent parasites -parasites that remain in a host from early life to maturity (e.g., PLASMODIUM)
• intermittent parasites -parasites that simply visit the host during feeding time, (e.g., non-pathogenic parasites)
• Incidental parasites -parasites that occur in an unusual host, (e.g., dog tapeworms in humans)
• transitory parasites - parasites whose larva develops in a host while the adult is free-living (e.g., Echinococcus granulosis or tapeworms)
• Erratic parasites -parasites that are seen in an unusual organ, different from that which it ordinarily parasites (e.g., Ascaris Lumbricoides in the lungs or kidney instead it should be in intestinal area)
• Definite host -harbor the adult stage of the parasite (e.g., humans for the intestinal roundworm Ascaris)
• definite host -where the sexual stage or sexual phase of the parasites occurs (e.g., mosquito for the malaria parasite Plasmodium )
• intermediate host -host that harbor the larval stage of parasites (e.g., cow for the cysticercus larva of the beef tapeworm
• reservoir host -vertebrate host that harbor parasite and may act as additional source of infection in man (e.g., migratory birds serve as reservoir host for the parasite Capillaria Phillipinensis, which people normally get from contaminated water
• intermediate host -where the asexual stage of the life cycle parasites (e.g., human for the malaria parasite plasmodium)
• paratenic host -serves as a means of transport for the parasite so that the infective stage of certain parasite may reach its final host (e.g., insect vector)
• sources of exposure to infection or infestation:

  1. contaminated soil or water
  2. food containing the parasite's infective stage
  3. blood-sucking insect
  4. domestic or wild animals
  5. human beings
  6. one's self/auto-infection
• Freshwater fish -serves as the source for the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum
• raw pork -source of Trichinella spiralis and T. solium
• Improperly cooked/raw beef -source of T. saginata
• female anopheles mosquito -source of malaria parasite Plasmodium
• sand fly -source of Leishmaniasis
• Tsetse fly and reduviid bug -source of trypanosomes
• culex and mansonia mosquito -source of filariasis+
• dwarf tapeworm -source of hymenolepis nana
• pinworm -source of Enterobius vermicularis
• Auto-infections -H nana, E. vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis
• transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water -this include the intestinal protozoa (cyst stage) and embryonated egg stage of the intestinal roundworms ( Ascaris Lumbricoides)
• ingestion of contaminated food and water -fecal-oral transmission, and most common mode of transmission of most intestinal parasites
• transmitted from eating food containing mature larval stage -lung flukes is transmitted through this mode
• enter the body through skin from the soil or from the contaminated water -hookworm or Strongyloides (soil) and blood fluke(water)