Science

• Mass


  The amount of matter in an object
• Volume


  The space occupied by the matter
• Temperature


  The measure of the coldness or hotness of a material
• Pressure


  The force applied by the gas particles per unit area
• Boyle's Law


  The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature
• Example of Boyle's Law

  • Air is blown into a balloon, increasing the pressure and making the balloon expand. Squeezing the balloon decreases the volume and increases the pressure.
• Charle's Law


  The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure
• Kelvin


  Unit for absolute temperature
• Binary Compounds


  Chemical compounds comprising two distinct elements
• Types of Binary Compounds


  • Ionic Compounds
  • Molecular/Covalent Compounds
• Binary Acids


  Compounds with hydrogen (H) and a nonmetal (NM)
• Polyatomic Ion


  A covalently bonded set of two or more atoms, or of a metal complex, that can be considered to behave as a single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero
• Ternary Compounds


  Chemical compounds containing three different elements
• Chemical reaction is a process in which a substance is changed into one or more new substances. It is represented using chemical equation.
• Reactant


  Starting material, written on the left side of an equation
• Product


  Substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction, written on the right side of the equation
• The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, hence every chemical reaction must be balanced.
• Symbols in Chemical Equation


  • Reactant
  • Product
• Kinetic Molecular Theory

  • Gases are composed of molecules with far greater distances between them than their dimensions
  • Gas molecules are always in constant random motion and frequently collide with one another and the container walls
  • Collisions among molecules are perfectly elastic, with energy transfer but constant total energy
  • Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules are so weak they are insignificant
  • The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly related to its temperature
• Synthesis/Combination ReactionsReactions-

  occurs when two or more substances (reactants) combine and form a compound (product).
• Decomposition Reaction- occurs when a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products.
• Single Displacement/Replacement- One element replaces another element in a compound
• Double Displacement/Replacement - This involves exchanging of ions to form new compounds
• Precipitation reaction- a reaction where two solutions are mixed forming an insoluble product known as precipitate.
• Acid-base Neutralization- a reaction where an acid and a base reacts with one another forming salt and water