Human Reproduction

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Created by
Npthys

Cards (35)

  • REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • Genital system
    • System of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction
  • REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Gonads
    • Primary sex organs
    • Testes in males
    • Ovaries in females
    • Produce gametes (sex cells)
    • Sperm - male gametes
    • Ova (eggs) - female gametes
    • Secrete hormones
    • Which affect maturation, development and changes in the activity of the reproductive system organs
    • Estrogen and progesterone in female
    • Androgens (esp. testosterone) in male
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    TESTES
    • Primary reproductive organs of the male
    • Have both exocrine gland & endocrine gland functions
    • As an individual reaches puberty, it start to produce functional sperm cells under the influence of hormones of the pituitary gland
    • Contain lobule and each lobule contains hundreds of tiny coneshaped tubules called, seminiferous tubules
    • “Sperm cell factory”
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    DUCTS
    Epididymis
    • Tightly coiled tubes
    • “Maturation of sperms happen”
    • Maturation leads to formation of tail for motility
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    DUCTS
    Vas Deferens
    • Passageway of sperm
    • End of epididymis (tail) and ends the ejaculatory duct which unites with the urethra
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    EJACULATORY DUCT
    • UNION OF THE VAS DEFERENS WITH THE DUCT OF THE SEMINAL VESICLE
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Accessory Gland
    Seminal Vesicle
    • Found behind & beneath the urinary bladder, contribute most the fluid and produce yellowish secretions (60% of semen):
    • FRUCTOSE (sugar that supplies energy for sperm); Vit. C
    • PROSTAGLANDINS (stimulate contraction female reproductive tract allowing the sperm to move easily)
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Accessory Gland
    Prostate Gland A
    • Walnut-sized that secretes alkaline milky fluid that helps the sperm to swim and activate
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Accessory Gland
    Bulbourethral Gland
    • “Cowper’s Gland”
    • Lubricates the urethra, helps neutralize the acidity of urethra and reduces the acidity of female’s vagina
    • Secretes clear fluid
  • All combined secretions from the 3 accessory glands, together with the sperm cells, make up a milk white substance called SEMEN.
  • When a man is sexually aroused, blood flows into the penis, making it HARD and ERECT. The semen moves from vas deferens into the entire length of urethra.
  • Smooth muscle contraction help propel the semen out from a penis in a forceful expulsion of sperm outside the body called EJACULATION (300 to 400 million in a single ejaculation)
  • For most men, it takes between 24 and 36 hours to “replenish” all the way after ejaculating and get back to their normal sperm count. However, the testicles are producing new sperm all the time. Even five minutes after a man's last ejaculation, there are a few sperm ready to go.
    • Precum itself should not contain any sperm and can therefore not cause pregnancy on its own. (Bulbourethral gland secretion)
    • Earlier ejaculation (either from sex, masturbation, etc.) may leave some leftover sperm in the urethra. This sperm can get flushed out by precum (aka, the precum would then contain sperm), and together would have a chance to cause pregnancy
    • Urinating can flush out any leftover sperm in the urethra.
  • 3 TYPES OF EJACULATION PROBLEM
    Premature E.
    • Most common ejaculation problem. It is where the male ejaculates too quickly during sexual intercourse.
  • 3 TYPES OF EJACULATION PROBLEM
    Retarded E.
    • A delay in achieving ejaculation, or an inability to achieve ejaculation during sexual activity, even though the male wants to & his erection is normal
  • 3 TYPES OF EJACULATION PROBLEM
    Retrograde E.
    • Rarer type of ejaculation problem. It happens when sperm travels backwards and enters the bladder instead of coming out of the end of the urethra
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Supporting Structure
    PENIS
    • Deposit sperms into the vagina during copulation
    • Is highly vascularized, if cut, severe bleeding results
  • MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Supporting Structure
    SCROTUM
    • Sac of skin that holds and protects the testis
    • keeps the testes 3ᴼC lower than the core body temperature (needed for sperm production)
    • When it's hot, the scrotum relaxes and the testicles settle lower, when it's cold, they rise up and are held close to the body
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    Female is much more complex compare to male. Her body also nurtures and protects a developing fetus during nine months of pregnancy
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    VULVA
    • External Genitalia
    • Acts as birth canal during normal child birth Receives penis during copulation
    • Two pairs of fleshy folds protect the vaginal opening from the outside environment:
    • Labia Majora (thicker flaps of tissue)
    • Labia Minora (thinner flaps of tissue)
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    VULVA
    VAGINA
    • HYMEN is a thin membrane that surrounds the opening to the vagina and can come in different shapes
    • Normal, imperforate, microperforate, septate hymen
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    VULVA
    CLITORIS
    • Has no function in reproduction but is the main pleasure center for females during sex. It has more nerve endings than anywhere else in the body
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    VULVA
    Urethral Meatus
    • “Urethral Orifice / Opening”
    • Is the opening of urethra where urine exit
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    CERVIX
    • Lower end of uterus and opens into vagina
    • Made up of strong muscle
    • Directs the sperm into uterus during coitus
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    UTERUS
    • Site where offspring grows
    • Receives, retain and nourishes fertilized egg
    Regions:
    • Body - main portion
    • Fundus - superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters
    • Cervix - narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    UTERUS
    Walls of the Uterus
    • Endometrium
    • Inner layer
    • Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg
    • Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses)
    • Myometrium - middle layer of smooth muscle
    • Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum) - outermost serous layer of the uterus
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    FALLOPIAN TUBE
    • Uterine Tubes or Oviduct
    • Mature egg travels for 3-4 days and is swept by finger-like (cilia)
    • Site for fertilization
    • 3.9 inches long
    • Attaches to uterus and don’t physically attach to ovary
  • FIMBRAE – is a finger-like projections at the distal end.
  • Ectopic pregnancy
    • Complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus.
  • FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    OVARY
    • Primary reproductive organs of the female
    • Paired organs located on either side of the uterus
    • have both exocrine gland & endocrine gland functions
  • A female is born with about 2 million potential egg cells in her ovaries. However, by puberty, only 25% or about 400,000 will remain.
  • In female’s life time, out of the 400,000 at puberty, only 300 to 400 eggs will mature.
  • An egg cell that matures is called an OVUM.
  • Hormones will enable ONE immature egg to complete its development each month. Every 28 days, an ovum is released from an adult female’s body.