GEO LESSON 5

• Earth's water reservoirs

  • Oceans
  • Glaciers
  • Rivers
  • Lakes
  • Air
  • Soil
  • Living tissue
• The unending circulation of water

  Hydrologic cycle

• The water content of the hydrosphere is an estimated ___billion cubic kilometers (326 million cubic miles)

  1.36
• A vast body of saltwater that covers a significant portion of Earth's surface


  Oceans
• Major oceans

  • Arctic Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Southern Ocean
• Generally smaller and partially enclosed by land, with more consistent and higher salinity compared to oceans

  Sea
• bodies of water that have a high concentration of dissolved salts, typically much higher than freshwater lakes but lower than seawater

  Saline lakes

• The ______ is a landlocked salt lake between Jordan and Israel, with extremely high concentration of dissolved mineral salts making it easy to float in

  Dead Sea
• Large, persistent bodies of ice that form over many years as snow accumulates and compresses into dense ice

  Glaciers

• Massive expanses of ice that cover large areas of land, primarily in polar regions


  Ice sheets

• Water located beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces, fractures, rock layers, or other geological formations

  Groundwater

• Natural flowing watercourses that move water from higher elevations to lower elevations, typically draining into a larger body of water

  Rivers

• The _____ is the longest river in the world, located in NE Africa with a total length of approximately 6,650 kilometers (4,130 miles)


  Nile River
• The _____ is generally considered the largest river in the world by volume of water discharged and by drainage area


  Amazon River
• The______ is the longest river in the Philippines, originating in the Caraballo Mountains and flowing through several provinces


  Cagayan River
• A type of wetland characterized by saturated muddy, and often partially submerged land, typically found in low-lying areas, along riverbanks, and in coastal regions

  Swamps

• The amount of water present in the soil, including both liquid and vapor phases


  Soil moisture

• Bodies of water with low salinity or salt content, typically less than 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt), and do not have direct connections to the ocean or sea

  Freshwater lakes

• ______ in Siberia, Russia is the deepest (1.6 km) and oldest freshwater lake in the world, holding about 20% of the world's unfrozen freshwater


  Lake Baikal
• The ___ is a body of water formed within the caldera of Mt. Pinatubo after its cataclysmic eruption in 1991

  Pinatubo crater lake
• (when) caldera was created during the cataclysmic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo

  June 15, 1991
•  the process by which liquid water changes into water vapor (gas),

  Evaporation
• Complex processes of cloud formation eventually result in

  precipitation.
• the volume of water that passes through each part of the cycle annually

  Water Balance
• involves the physical breakdown(disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rock at or near Earth’s surface

  Weathering
• is a type of water flow that occurs when water moves evenly over a surface in a thin

  continuous layer

  Sheet flow
• sheet flow eventually develops threads of current that form tiny channels called

  Rills
• larger and deeper channels than rills, characterized by more significant erosion and excavation of the soil or rock substrate

  Gullies
• When gullies reach an undefined size, they are called

  Rivers
• Water that flows in a channel, regardless of size

  Streams
• a general term for streams that carry substantial amounts of water and have numerous

  tributaries

  Rivers
• refers to a smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river, lake, or another body of water

  Tributary
• Each drainage basin is bounded by an imaginary line called a

  divide
•   includes   not       only     its        network           of         stream channels but its entire drainage basin

  river system
• Three zones in a river system:

  1.  Zone of sediment production

  2.  Zone of sediment transport

  3.  Zone of sediment deposition
• where most of the sediment is derived, is located in the headwaters region of the river system

  Sediment Production
• When trunk streams are in balance, the amount of sediment eroded from their banks equals the amount deposited elsewhere in the

  channel

  Sediment Transport
• sediment acquired by a stream is transported through the channel network along sections referred to as

  trunk streams
• When a river approaches the ocean or another large body of water, it slows, and the energy to transport sediment is greatly reduced.

  Sediment Deposition
• Drainage systems, which are interconnected networks of streams, can exhibit a variety of patterns.

  Drainage Pattern