biology

• First microscopes were made by Dutch eyeglass makers, Hans and Zacharias Janssen

  1590
• Robert Hooke, an English botanist, used his own design of the microscope in observing thin slices of cork from the bark of an oak tree. He was the first to use the term "cells".


  1665
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed what he called the "animalcules", known today as protozoans, in pond water and rain water

  1670
• Proper handling of microscope

  1. Hold the base of the microscope with one hand, and the arm with your other hand

  2. Hold it close to your body

  3. Place the microscope about 5 inches from the table edge

  4. Do not touch the lens with your fingers
• Eyepiece


  Where you look through to view
• Eyepiece Tube

  Holds the eyepiece lens
• Body Tube

  Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
• Coarse Adjustment Knob


  Moving the body tube/stage up or down
• Fine Adjustment Knob


  Focusing at higher magnifications
• Revolving Nosepiece


  Revolving part that contains the objective lenses
• Objectives

  • Scanning (red)
  • LPO - Low power Objective, useful for examining large specimen (yellow - 10x)
  • HPO - high power objective, gives higher magnification (blue - 40x)
  • Oil immersion (white - -100x)
• Arm


  Main frame
• Base


  Support of the microscope
• Stage clips


  Hold the slide
• Diaphragm


  Regulating the amount of light passing the specimen
• Mirror

  Reflects light
• Stage


  Supports the microscope and slide; contains an opening in the middle
• First microscope: 1590 by Hans and Zacharias Janssen
• Father of Microscope: Robert Hoke (cells)
• Animalcules: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
• Biosphere


  All of the biomes found on Earth and the surrounding atmosphere that supports life
• Biome


  Certain region of land that is known for specific ecosystems
• Five major biomes


  • Desert
  • Aquatic
  • Forest
  • Grassland
  • Tundra
• Ecosystem


  All of the biotic (living things) and abiotic (non living things) factors interacting in an area
• Community

  Interactions between different populations in a shared area
• Population


  Group of a certain species of the same type of organism that live in the same area
• Organism


  A living thing
• Organ systems


  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Circulatory
  • Urinary
  • Male reproductive
  • Female reproductive
• Organ


  A group of similar tissues working together to perform a specific function
• Tissue


  A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
• Cell


  The basic unit of life that all living things are made of. Can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic (which can be plant or animal)
• Cell Organelles


  Small structures in the cell that carry out the processes in the cell (mitochondria, nucleus, cell membrane, etc.)
• Molecule


  Made of two or more atoms
• Atom

  Basic unit of matter. So tiny, that there are approximately 100 trillion atoms per cell
• Robert Brown discovered the nucleus of the cell


  1831
• Cells are the building blocks of life, and they come in various shapes and sizes
• The development of the microscope led to the discovery of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of life
• Cell Theory


  The three tenets of cell theory state that all organisms have cells, cells make life functions happen, and cells can only come from other living cells
• Theodor Schwann: animals are made of cells