Diabetes

• • Production of insulin is insufficient to overcome the increased resistance

  • Early stage: Overproduction of insulin

  • As it progresses: Insulin fall b/c partial failure of insulin producing b cell of pancreas
• If body exposed to insulin constantly --> insulin receptor sensitize --> same amount of sugar --> cannot release
• • Complication:

  • Blindness

  • Kidney failure

  • Foot ulceration (High blood sugar --> Bacteria go in and use the sugar --> Grow)

  • Lifestyle modification important
• Etiological factors

  • Diet concerned: Energy-dense, high in Saturated FA; Low in non-starch polysaccharides - Overweight & Central obesity = Risk of type 2 diabetes
  • Saturated FA worsen NSP protective
  • Other risks:

  • Maternal diabetes (e.g. Gestational diabetes)

  • Intrauterine growth retardation (esp. along with later rapid catch up growth)
• Reduce Type 2, Lower fasting & 2-hour glucose concentration

  • Higher unsaturated FA from vegetable source + Polyunsaturated FA
• Increase insulin sensitivity

  • Higher proportion of long-chain polyunsaturated FA in skeletal muscle phospholipids
• • Long chain polyunsaturated FA no additional benefit over monounsaturated
  • When total fat intake is high (> 37%): changing quality of dietary fat little effect

  • Associated with high Fasting insulin concentration + Lower insulin sensitivity
• Rich in NSP (esp. soluble) = Low glycemic index
• Low glycemia index foods:

  • Reduced glycemic response after ingestion

  • Improvement in glycemic control (Measured by HbA1c)

  • Does NOT confer overall health benefit b/c high fat or fructose content of a food --> reduced glycemic index; such foods may be energy-dense
• • Maintain optimum BMI (21-23); Avoid weight gain (> 5 kg) in adult life
  • Practice endurance activity at moderate/ greater level of intensity
• • Saturated fat < 10%; For high risk group: Fat intake < 7%
  • Adequate intakes of NSP through whole grain cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables; Min: 20g