PR 2

• Literature


  An oral or written record of man's significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in prosaic manner
• Review of Related Literature (RRL)


  An analysis of man's written or spoken knowledge of the world, involving both formal or direct and informal or indirect expressions of man's knowledge
• How to Select a Relevant/Related Literature

  1. Do an online literature search

  2. Identify the best publications in a specific research area
• How many materials do you need to review? undergraduate?

  about 20 to 50.masters thesis?over 50,doctoral dissertation over 75.
• Traditional Review of Literature


  Summarizing present forms of knowledge on a specific subject, with the aim of giving an expanded or new understanding of an existing work. Prone to subjectivity.
• Types of Traditional Review


  • Conceptual review
  • Critical review
  • State-of-the-Art review
  • Expert review
  • Scoping review
• Systematic Review of Literature


  A methodical style of RRL that involves sequential acts, including having a clear understanding of the research questions, planning the data obtaining, doing the literature search, determining valuable data/studies, assessing methodological soundness, and summarizing the gathered information
• Acknowledgment


  The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something for the production of the paper
• References or Bibliography


  A complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from (at the end of the paper)
• Citation or In-text Citation


  References within the main body of the text, specifically in the Review of Related Literature
• Integral Citation


  Citing the author's ideas by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report the author's ideas
• Non-Integral Citation


  Citing the information rather than emphasizing the author
• Patterns of Citation

  • Summary
  • Paraphrase
  • Short Direct Quotation
  • Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract tense of verbs for reporting
• Tense of verbs for reporting


  Present, simple past, or present perfect tense
• Related Studies


  Published and unpublished studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted that are related or have some bearing or similarity to the present proposed study
• Related Legal Bases


  Related laws and department directives that serve as legal basis for the paradigm of the study
• Research design


  A plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind, a result of mental activity characterized by unfixed formation of something but an extensive interconnection of things, serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of your research study
• Research design


  • Requires you to finalize your mind on the purpose, philosophical basis, and types of data of your research, including your method of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting the data
• What Chapter 3 of a research study typically focuses on

  • Research design
  • Participants
  • Data collection methods
  • Data analysis procedures
• Research design


  The research design should be clearly described, including the type of study (e.g., experimental, correlational, case study) and the rationale for choosing this design, variables being measured and how they will be manipulated or observed, consideration of internal and external validity
• Participants


  Describe the sampling strategy and the characteristics of the participants, including their demographics and any relevant inclusion/exclusion criteria, information on the recruitment process, informed consent, and any incentives provided to participants
• Data collection


  Describe the data collection methods, including any instruments used (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations) and how they were validated, procedures for administering the instruments and any measures taken to ensure the quality of the data (e.g., inter-rater reliability)
• Data analysis


  Describe the procedures used to analyze the data, including any statistical tests or software used, discuss the criteria for interpreting the results and any potential limitations of the analysis
• Ethical considerations


  Discuss any ethical considerations that were taken into account in the study design and implementation, including confidentiality, privacy, and informed consent
• Data collection


  The method of collecting and interpreting information based on specific variables, to gather evidence that will lead to the creation of credible and unbiased response to the research questions
• Data collection techniques

  • Interview
  • Documents and records
  • Questionnaires and surveys
  • Observations
  • Focus group
  • Ethnographies, oral history and case studies
• Interview


  Used for qualitative research, may be conducted in person or over other means such as telephones, email or video conferencing, may be formal, informal or semi-structured, questions must be well-defined and open-ended
• Documents and records


  Entail the examination of data in various forms such as reports, newsletters, newspapers etc.
• Questionnaires and surveys


  May be quantitatively analyzed by giving numerical values to scales
• Observations


  The most basic method of gathering or collecting information by carefully watching the person, thing or situation over a period of time, allows the subject to behave based on the changing aspects of a situation, may be done by taking a video of the subject
• Focus group


  Done in a group where the individuals share a common element, used to gather information based on collective opinion, the responses are usually grouped and analyzed based on certain categories
• Ethnographies, oral history and case studies


  Incorporate an amalgamation of various techniques such as observation, interviews and surveys, used to study a single phenomenon in its natural setting
• Different types of research design

  • Basic
  • Correlational
  • Descriptive
  • Ethnographic
  • Experimental
  • Historical
  • Case study
  • Action
• Basic research


  Fundamental or pure research, focused on scientific question, to expand man's understanding of the world, has no trade value as it is not meant to invent something
• Correlational research


  Focuses on the statistical link between two or more variables, does not focus on the cause or effect but meant to establish the connection among variables that do not easily appear to be closely related
• Descriptive research


  Highlights the characteristics of a specific individual, condition or unit, utilizes a variety of statistical research to come up with new categories of ideas, descriptions of concepts that exist or the occurrence of events in order to examine the impact that these have on the people
• Ethnographic research


  Examination of a specific culture through a comprehensive study of the members of the group, data usually focuses on participant observations, interviews and questionnaires responses, meant to understand and interpret the experiences of the cultural group
• Experimental research


  Used for coming up with forecasts, objective and systematic research used to control phenomena and examine the connection among various variables, because it is a controlled research, it is almost always artificially set-up
• Historical research


  Involves the analysis of events from the distant or recent past, used to highlight historical patterns that can be used to help understand past solutions and their effects on the present or the future
• Case study


  An exhaustive study of a specific problem, useful in understanding or knowing about issues or phenomena that are unfamiliar, also useful in assessing theories and their application to the real world, gives a clearer understanding or complex issues through contextual analysis of number of specific incidents