[MS LEC] ENDOCRINE ANAPHY

• Blood


  Endocrine glands secrete chemicals/ hormones directly into the _
• Major Structures of Endocrine

  1. Pituitary/Pneal Gland
  2. Thyroid Gland
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenals
  5. Pancreas
• Thyroid 


  Glands that primarily controls the BMR and Calcium Secretion
• Parathyroid


  Regulates calcium
• Adrenals


  Gland found on top of the kidneys
• Pancreas


  Attached to the duodenum an located below the stomach
• Functions of the Endocrine System

  1. Internal environment maintenance
  2. Stress adaptation
  3. Control of growth ad metabolism
  4. Control of reproduction
• Classification of hormones

  1. Steroid
  2. CHON
  3. Amine
• Steroid Hormones


  Derived from cortisol
• Examples of Steroid hormones

  1. Cortisol
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Estrogen
  4. Progesterone
  5. Testosterone
• Examples of CHON Hormones

  1. Calcitonin
  2. Parathyroid Hormones
  3. Pituitary Hormones
  4. Pancreatic Hormones
  5. Hypothalamus Hormones
• Hypothalamus


  Directs the pineal gland on what to release or inhibit
• Examples of Amine Hormones

  1. Thyroxine
  2. Triiodothyronine
• Amine Hormones


  Type of hormones that regulates basal metabolic rate and consumption of energy
• Pituitary Gland


  Also called the master or pineal gland
• 3 Divisions of the Pituitary Gland

  Posterior, Anterior, Intermediate
• Pituitary Gland


  Secretes hormones for growth and reproduction
• Transsphenoidal and intranasal


  Approach for cranial surgery of pituitary gland
• Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

  1. ADH / Vasopressin
  2. Oxytocin
• Oxytocin


  Affects the uterine walls and mammary glands; for milk secretion
• Vasopressin / ADH


  Affects kidney tubules; retains sodium in the distal convoluted tubules
• Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. FSH
  4. LH
  5. GH / Somatotropin
  6. Prolactin
  7. Endorphin
• Growth Hormones


  Insulin-antagonists
• Endorphins


  Pain receptors in the brain; nice feelings; decreased perception of pain
• Hormones of the Intermediate Pituitary

  1. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
  2. Endorphins
• Melanocytes


  Cells responsible for making the skin darker / protected from the sun
• Negative


  Hormones usually work on a _ feedback mechanisms
• Hypothalamus


  Found above and controls the pineal gland; secreates releasing and inhibiting hormones
• Blood test


  Endocrine test that detect hormone levels, hormone effects on other substances, and antibodies
• 24 Hr Urine Collection / Test


  Endocrine test to measure hormone amount and end products of hormones excreted by kidneys
• 24 Hr Urine Cathecolamines


  Tyep of Urine Test used especially for hyper/hypothyroidism; to back up other results
• Stimulation Test


  Endocrine Test to see response to administration of stimulating hormones
• Suppression Test


  Endocrine Test to determine negative feedback mechanism
• Precaution of Stimulating and Suppression Test

  Can cause a sentinel event done under the supervision of a doctor and in a healthcare facility
• Serum growth hormone test

  Pituitary test especially done for gigantism ad dwarfism
• Normal GH Value


  Below 10 mg/ml
• Preperation for Serum GH

  NPO by midnight, Bed rest without bathroom privileges
• Movement


  _ stimulates the release of growth hormones
• Gigantism

  Condition where there is too much growth hormones
• Acromegaly


  When pituitary gland releases too much GH even after the epiphyseal plate closes; px with pronounced jaw, hands, and feet; irreversible