4 -- pr1

• LITERATURE REVIEW -- provides an overview of what has been written about a specific topic
• LITERATURE REVIEW -- includes practically all the information and data which are authoritative and relevant to the topic of the study as in the case of research and similar scholarly undertakings
• TYPES OF SOURCES FOR RELATED LITERATURE (4) --

  1. general references
  2. primary sources
  3. secondary sources
  4. tertiary sources
• GENERAL REFERENCES -- sources first accessed by researchers to give them information about other sources such as research articles, professional journals, books, monographs, conference proceedings, and similar documents
• PRIMARY SOURCES -- those that provide first-hand information about experts' and other researchers' publications. These publications contain findings that are directly communicated to the readers and interested parties
• SECONDARY SOURCES -- are those written by authors that describe another researcher's works. These materials or documents may contain only summaries or interpretations of the research reports rather than a complete description of them
• TERTIARY SOURCES -- are books and articles based on secondary sources. It synthesizes and explains the work of others.
• APPROACHES (3) --

  1. chronological
  2. conceptual
  3. stated hypotheses
• CHRONOLOGICAL -- most applicable if the topics are arranged for a usual timeline of development. In this arrangement, clusters are time-sensitive and show change in thinking over time. This approach is most appropriate for development qualitative studies.
• CONCEPTUAL -- suggested if the study is set in clear and interrelated concepts. This approach is applicable to almost all qualitative and quantitative researchers because the organization of the review is by claims and arguments, forming a small body of knowledge that supports the present research.
• STATED HYPOTHESES -- stated hypotheses form a natural way to order key word clusters. The topics are listed based on each hypothesis made in the research and the discussion is done according to this topic listing.
• GUIDELINES IN CITING AUTHORS OF THE RELATED LITERATURE --

  1. author-oriented: Roces (2008)
  2. text-oriented: (Roces, 2008)
• PLAGIARISM -- serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon in the acedeme. Plagiarism is defined as the verbatim copying of language of other writers as well as taking credit for ideas espoused by others.
• TYPES OF PLAGIARISM (2) --

  1. plagiarism of ideas
  2. plagiarism of language
• PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS -- occurs when credit for a work is taken by an author not made by him or her
• WAYS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS (1):

  CITATIONS -- an official order to appear before a court of law, a formal public statement that praises a person for doing something good or brave. Proper citation should be done to properly acknowledge the work of authors.
• PLAGIARISM OF LANGUAGE -- happens when an author uses the language of another writer and claims it as his or her own
• WAYS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM OF LANGUAGE (3):

  DIRECT QUOTATIONS -- are employed for statements that are so closely associated with the author that altering the words may lose its rhetorical impart

  SUMMARIZING -- restatement of the main idea of a text. Ideally, it is a third of the original text you have used for your paper.

  PARAPHRASING -- restatement of the main idea and supporting details of a text may match the length of the original work you are using for your output
• WORD-FOR-WORD PLAGIARISM: copies the whole text verbatim
• PATCHWORK PLAGIARISM: ideas from the source are mixed with interpretations of the writer
• PURPOSES OF RESEARCH (3) --

  1. exploratory research
  2. descriptive research
  3. explanatory research
• EXPLORATORY RESEARCH -- - a methodology approach that investigates research questions that have not previously been studied in depth

  • often qualitative and primary in nature
  • typically seeks to create hypotheses rather than test them
• DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH -- the researcher can choose to be either a complete observer, an observer as a participant, a participant as an observer, or a full participant

  • observing and measuring without manipulating variables
  • goal of this is to provide a comprehensive and accurate picture of the population or phenomenon being studied
• TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH (3) --

  1. observation
  2. survey
  3. case study
• EXPLANATORY RESEARCH -- an approach used to discover details about why something occurs

  • can serve as a starting point for more in-depth studies
  • learning about this type of research can help you understand how to determine the root cause of a certain situation and fill gaps in missing information
• COMMON TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (5) --

  1. phenomenological study
  2. ethnographic study
  3. historical study
  4. case study
  5. grounded theory study
• PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY -- seeks to find the essence or structure of an experience by explaining how complex meanings are built out of simple units of inner experience

  • examines human experiences (lived experiences) through the descriptions provided by subjects or respondents
• ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY -- the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities

  • the researcher immerses with the people and becomes a part of their culture
  • the researcher talks to the key persons and personalities called key informants who provide important information for the study
• HISTORICAL STUDY -- concerned with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from past events

  • not only limited to obtaining data from the past, but it also involves relating their implications to the present and future time
• CLASSIFICATIONS OF DATA --

  • PRIMARY SOURCES: materials providing first-hand information
  • SECONDARY SOURCES: second-hand information such as an account based on an original source, or a material written as an abstract of the original materials
• SOURCES OF DATA FOR A HISTORICAL STUDY --

  • DOCUMENTS: printed materials that can be found in libraries, archives, or personal collections
  • RELICS AND ARTIFACTS: physical remains or objects from a certain historical period
  • ORAL REPORTS: information that is passed on by word of mouth
• VALIDITY OF MATERIALS --

  • INTERNAL CRITICISM: involves establishing the authenticity or originality of the materials by looking at the consistency of information
  • EXTERNAL CRITICISM: based on the analysis of the material: the ink and the type of paper used, the layout and physical appearance, and as well as the age and texture of the material itself
• CASE STUDY -- an in-depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution

  • involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular individual, group, or situation over a period of time
• GROUNDED THEORY STUDY -- involves comparing collected units of data against one another until categories, properties, and hypotheses that state relations between these categories and properties emerge