reading and writing

• critical reading is evaluating and dissecting a reading material
• types of critical reading

  1. what a text says - you are restating what a text means (LOWEST TYPE)
  2. what a text does - describing or discussing the text
  3. what a text means - critical. evaluating, analyzing and interpreting the text (HIGHEST TYPE)
• Techniques in critical reading

  1. thinking - all about the act of constructing and deconstructing ideas
  2. reasoning - voicing out and expressing your ideas
• EVALUATION GUIDE FOR CRITICAL READING

  1. content - substance of the text
  2. objectivity - stand of the author about article or issue. author should seek for the unbiased evidence or facts
  3. significance - intention or value to the reader's life. time for reflection
• hypertextuality is the non-linear way of reading. hyperlinks that will give you more info
• intertextuality is the connection of one text to another text
• book review is the combination of evaluating and describing. it has 300 to 1,000 words and is more of understanding the text
• book report is more of summarizing and reporting the text
• assertion is a strong declaration and a forceful or confident statement about the issue
• 4 types of assertion

  1. basic assertion - straight to the point.
  2. emphatic assertion - from empathy which means putting yourself in someone else's shoes
  3. escalating assertion - if one didn't provide an answer in basic assertion, it means they are firm on their statement
  4. language assertion - EASIEST TO IDENTIFY. always using "I" pronoun
• project proposal's purpose is to be approved by a higher position and to get a budget
• 4 types of project proposal

  1. solicited internal - target is within the organization. a request
  2. unsolicited internal - self-initiated
  3. solicited external - request came from outside the organization
  4. unsolicited external - self-initiated from outside the organization
• cover letter introduces the proposal to the reader. it contains title, date requested, purpose and scope, and the acknowledgements
• title page includes project title, organization, place and date of project and sponsors
• abstract of executive summary is a paragraph with 200-250 words. it includes objectives and major project activities
• context of the proposal describes the socioeconomic, cultural, and political background in which the proposal is situated. it includes data collection info
• project justification includes the statement of the problem or rationale, and strategies to resolve the problem
• personnel involved includes the members of the group and the roles
• project implementation is also called activity plan. it is a table that shows the activities that will be performed in the project.
• budget is the estimated budget of the project
• monitoring or evaluation shows what method is used to monitor or evaluate
• reporting scheme - schedule for reporting finance and budget
• resume is from the french word "re'sume" meaning to summarize
• Formats of Resume


  • Chronological format
  • Functional format
  • Combination or hybrid format
• Chronological format


  • Emphasizes the applicant's work experiences
  • Starts with the complete work experience and educational background
  • Best when applicant is applying for a job related to their previous experiences
  • Applicant has 10-15 years of work experience
• Functional format


  • Focuses on the skills
  • Used if the applicant changes career or if they are re-entering the industry after a long absence
  • Used by high school or college students entering the workforce
• Combination or hybrid format


  • Combines chronological and functional
  • Works best if applicant is aiming for a career change or wants to present both skills and accomplishment
• heading includes applicant's complete name, current address, contact number and email address. header is center or justified to left
• objective is also called job objective or career objective. it reflects the applicant's career goals and intention for applying for the job. write specific and general objectives
• professional summary is also called career summary or career profile. it showcases knowledge and abilities. it includes short job summary and soft skills
• expertise and achievement is also known as the professional skills or qualifications. it included personal and technical skills, and certification and recognition recieved
• work experience is also known as employment history, relevant experience and work history. it is the part where the applicant states all previous employment. if no work experience, write educational background, training and seminar attended
• educational background is also called academic qualification and education and certifications. here, you write the degree together with the major, minor or concentration, school and year attended
• employment application letter (cover letter) is a one-page letter attached to resume when applying for jobs.

  PURPOSE: highlight applicant's experiences and personal experiences to be considered for an interview schedule as well as with the available job position
• LETTER FORMATS

  1. full block format - most common. all parts are justified to the left. if there is no required format, use this with a 1 inch margin, 12 font size and times new roman font
  2. modified block format - applicant's address, complimentary close signature and sender's identification is shifted to the right. first sentence in each paragraph is not indented
  3. semi-block format - least used. it is like modified block format but the first sentence in the paragraph is indented
• heading, date, and inside address includes the applicant's address to make it easier for the employer to contact the applicant.

  the date indicates when the letter was written.

  inside address refers to whom and where the letter was addressed. ensure that there is a line between heading, date and inside address.
• greeting or salutation is used to indicate for whom the letter is. should start with "dear, surname." end with a colon (:). if name is not obtained, use "maam/sir"
• the body is the most important and critical component of an application letter. it includes information on the job the applicant is applying for, where the job posting was seen, and the skills and experiences.
• complimentary close is done to politely finish the letter. it ends with a comma (,)
• signature and sender's information is the last part where you write your name on the first line and your title on the second line. then, sign directly above the line.